| Sl. No. | Name of the Tree | System / Production Tree | Layer | Common or Regional Name | Biological name/ Family name | Height (m) | Planting Season | Irrigation Requirement | Functions | Guild Companion Crops (Intercrop) | Soil Requirement | Fruiting Season | Applicable Region | Lifecycle | Lifecycle (for Perennial) | Origin | Tree Details | Growth Speed | Pruning Needs | Reference Link | Comments (Likes, Dislikes, Specificity, Caution, Challenges, etc.) |
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| 1 | Kaghzi Nimbu | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Lime, Common lime, sour lime • Hindi: कागजी निंबू kaghzi-nimbu, निंबू nimbu • Manipuri: চম্প্ৰা Champra • Marathi: अंबटनिंबू ambatanimbu, लिंबू limbu, मावळंग mavalanga • Tamil: சம்பளம் champalam, சம்பீரம் champiram • Telugu: నిమ్న nimma • Bengali: লেবু lebu • Urdu: لیمو Limu • Sanskrit: मातुलुङ्ग matulunga, निम्बुकः nimbukah | Citrus aurantifolia of Rutaceae (Citrus family) | 3 | monsoon | irrigate few days before before onset of flowering and repeat again after fruit set. in summer irrigate after 5 days and in winter irrigate after 10 days | Windbreak ,Firebreak ,Live Fence | acacia and banana | grow well in loam or sandy loam soil | may , june july | North India ,South India ,West India ,East India | Biennial | Introduced | Lime fruit is similar to lemon, but has a thinner skin, which turns yellow on ripening. Lime is a shrubby tree, to 5 m, with many thorns. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September. The optimal temperatures for cultivation is 25-30°c, with the coldest month having an average minimum of at least 15°c. Growth generally ceases below 13°c and above 38°c. They are most competitive in areas that receive from about 700 to 1,000 mm of mean annual precipitation. If there are dry periods of more than three months, then irrigation will be necessary. Prefers a deep, well-drained but moisture-retentive loamy soil in full sun. Prefers a pH in the range 6-6.5, tolerating 4.8-8.3. Limes are divided horticulturally into acid and sweet limes. Grows readily either from seed or from cuttings. It sends up stout vertical shoots from the roots and forms dense thickets if left undisturbed. ,undefined | Fast | ?? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_lime | ||
| 2 | Mango | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Mango • Hindi: Aam आम • Manipuri: Heinou • Tamil: மா Ma • Telugu: Mamidi • Malayalam: Mangga • Kannada: Mavina mara • Marathi: Amba अंबा • Konkani: Ambo आंबॉ | Mangifera indica of Anacardiaceae (Cashew family) | 35 | spring and monsoon | 7 day interval in summer,25 day interval in winter, | Bird Attractor ,Edible/Fruit | ginger, turmeric, pineapple, papaya, gauva | loamy, alluvial, well drained deep soils | June July ,Fertile , | All | Perennial | Native | Nearly evergreen, native, tree. Anacardiaceae–notorious for embracing a number of highly poisonous plants. Medium-large 10-40m, with a broad, rounded canopy which may, with age, attain 100 to 125 ft in width. Long-lived, some specimens being known to be 300 years old and still fruiting. The tree forms a long unbranched long tap root (up to 6-8 m and more) plus a dense mass of superficial feeder roots. Feeder roots develop at the base of the trunk or slightly deeper; these produce anchor roots, and sometimes a collection of feeder roots develops above the water table. The fibrous root system extends away from the drip line. Effective root system of an 18- year old mango tree may observe a 1.2 m depth with lateral spread as far as 7.5m Varieties: Alphonso, Banganapalli, Bombay, Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandian, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mallika, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Samar Behisht Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri, Vanraj, Zardalu, Amrapali, Bangalora, Gulabkhas | slow | do not require frequent pruning | |||
| 3 | Adulsa | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Malabar nut, white vasa, yellow vasa • Assamese: বগা বাহক boga bahok • Bengali: বাসক basak • Gujarati: અરડૂસી aradusi, અરડૂસો araduso • Hindi: अरुस arus, अड़ूसा arusa, प्रामाद्य pramadya, रूस rus, सिंहपर्णी sinh-parni, वाजिनी vajini, विसौटा visauta • Kannada: ಅಡುಸೋಗೆ adusoge • Kashmiri: बहिकथ् bahikath, बाँस bansa, वास wasa • Konkani: अडूलशा adulasha, अडुलसो adulso, अडुसोगे adusoge • Malayalam: ആടലോടകം aatalootakam • Manipuri: nongmangkha angouba • Marathi: अडुळसा adulasa • Mizo: kâwl-dai • Nepalese: असुरो asuro, कालो भासक kalo bhasaka • Oriya: basango, vrysha • Sanskrit: अटरुष atarusa, प्रामाद्य pra-madya, सिंहास्या simhasya, वाजिदंत vaji-danta, वाजिन् vajin, वासका vasaka, वसुक vasuka, वृषा vrsa • Tamil: ஆசலை acalai, ஆடாதோடை atatotai, ஆட்டுசம் attucam, சிம்மமுகி cimma-muki, சிங்கம் cinkam, சுவாது cuvatu, இரத்தபித்தம் iratta-pittam, காட்டுமுருங்கை kattu-murunkai, பாவட்டை pavattai, வாசை vacai, வாசாதி vacati, வைத்தியமாதா vaittiya-mata • Telugu: అడ్డసరము addasaramu; | Justicia adhatoda of Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) Synonyms: Adhatoda vasica, Adhatoda zeylanica | 2.5 | March-April | ? | Others, Leaves has medicinal value | ? | Dec-Jan ,undefined , | South India | Perennial | Native | Erect, evergreen, shrub with few to many branches, grows up to 2.5m, but exceptional specimens to 6m can be found. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 20-27°c, but can tolerate 12-32°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 700-1,700mm, but tolerates 500-4,200mm. Prefers a sunny position, tolerating light shade. Prefers a pH in the range 6.5-7.5, tolerating 5.5-8. Since it is unpalatable to livestock and has the ability to colonize waste places and disturbed areas, this plant may become a weed when introduced to new areas. Medicinal uses, Ayurvedic & Unani. Edible use. | ?? | ?? | http://www.celkau.in/Crops/Medicinal%20Plants/Adathoda.aspx | Hates water Logging | ||
| 4 | Agati | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Agati • Hindi: गाछ मूंगा Gaach-munga, Hathya, अगस्ति Agasti • Manipuri: হৌৱাঈমাল Houwaimal • Marathi: शेवरी Shevari, हतगा Hatga • Tamil: Sevvagatti, Muni • Malayalam: Akatti • Telugu: Ettagise, Sukanasamu • Kannada: Agasi • Bengali: Buko, Bak • Urdu: Agst • Gujarati: Agathio • Sanskrit: Varnari, Munipriya, Agasti, Drigapalaka | Sesbania grandiflora of Fabaceae (Pea family) Synonyms: Sesban coccinea, Agati grandiflora, Coronilla grandiflora | 15 | Nitrogen Fixer | tolerant to wide range of soils | East India ,South India ,East India | Perennial | native | Small erect quick-growing short-lived soft-wooded tree, growing up to 15 m with a trunk diameter of about 30cm. Bark is light gray, corky and deeply furrowed. The flowers of Agati are eaten as a vegetable in Southeast Asia. The young pods and leaves are also eaten. The tree has extraordinarily high nodulation, fix the high amount of atmospheric nitrogen which help the soil improvement and rapid growth of tree. The tree can develop floating roots and aerenchyma tissue. This tree is mainly cultivated in Southern Tamilnadu as a climber for betel wine. Valued as a fodder, particularly for dry season feeding of cattle and goats. Commonly grown on paddy bunds, and around gardens or cropping fields for its nitrogen contribution. The sparse canopy casts relatively little shade, hence its suitability close to sun-loving crops and gardens. Tolerant of a wide range of soils including soils that are alkaline, poorly drained, saline, or of low fertility. Has tolerance of acid-soils down to pH 4.5. It is well adapted to heavy clay soils. | fast | ||||||||
| 5 | Alfalfa | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Alfalfa, bastard medic, buffal herb, lucerne, purple medic, sand lucerne • Gujarati: વિલાયતી ઘાસ vilayati ghas • Hindi: लुसन घास lusan ghas • Kannada: ಲುಸರ್ನೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು lusarne soppu, ವಿಲಾಯಿತಿ ಹುಲ್ಲು vilaayiti hullu • Marathi: विलायती गवत vilayati gavat • Oriya: ਦੁਰੇਸ਼ਤਾ dureshta, ਸਿੰਝੀ sinjhi • Sanskrit: अश्वाबला ashvabala • Tamil: குதிரை மசால் kutirai macal | Medicago sativa of Fabaceae (Pea family) | 1 | mid october | irrigate after 15-30 days | Nitrogen Fixer | deep and well drained loamy soil | fodder ready after 75 days | North India ,West India ,Central India | Perennial | Evergreen | It is used as multi-purpose forage, able to be used for both grazing and conservation (hay, silage, meal and forage dehydration). It can be sown as a pure stand or in mixtures with both temperate and tropical grasses. The seed can also be used for human consumption as sprouts. Flowering: May-July. It is impossible to remove from the ground once it has taken hold, so choose location very carefully. Alfalfa is loved by bees and bumble bees, by chickens and beneficial insects – and it makes good tea. Needs deep, well-drained soils with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Grows in sands to moderately heavy clays, provided drainage is satisfactory as it is intolerant of even short periods of waterlogging. Relatively drought tolerant and will produce yields about in proportion to the water supply. In periods of drought, it will adjust plant density to cope with the availability of water supply. Its taproot is capable of following water supply to considerable depths (up to 8 m, but more commonly 2-3 m). | fast | |||||
| 6 | Aloe Vera | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Aloe vera, Medicinal aloe, Burn plant • Hindi: Gheekumari घीकुमारी • Marathi: Khorpad • Tamil: கற்றாழை Kathalai • Malayalam: Chotthu kathalai | Aloe vera of Asphodelaceae (Aloe family) Synonyms: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe indica, Aloe vulgaris | 1 | all year around | do best in dry condition | Succulent Phytochemical properties Drought tolerant Hedgerow Light shade tolerant CAM | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | In winter and spring, it bears small tubular yellow flowers on branched stalks up to 3 ft tall. Freely suckering, it produces dense rosettes of 16 - 20 long pointed leaves from shortly branched creeping rhizomes. Although Aloe Vera is a member of the Lily family, it is very-cactus like in its characteristics. Many medicinal uses. Extracts from Aloe vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries. Succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall. Prefers a sunny position, but can tolerate light shade. Stabilised plants will survive drought quite well even though the root system is relatively shallow. Prefers a rich soil, but is tolerant of poor soils. Tolerates some salinity in the soil. Prefers a pH in the range 6.5 - 7.5, tolerating 6 - 8. Aloe vera plants take about 3 years to attain harvestable size, and then leaves can be harvested for about seven years. Aloe species follow the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CAM plants can fix carbon dioxide at night and photosynthesize with closed stomata during the day, thus minimizing water loss. Seed - sow in seed trays in a lightly shaded position - the seed usually germinates in 1 - 6 months at 16°c. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots of very well-drained soil when they are large enough to handle and grow them on until large enough to plant out. Seed - sow in seed trays in a lightly shaded position - the seed usually germinates in 1 - 6 months at 16°c. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots of very well-drained soil when they are large enough to handle and grow them on until large enough to plant out. The plants produce offsets quite freely and they can be divided at any time of the year as long as it is warm enough to encourage fresh root growth to allow re-establishment of the plants. They can be cut from the mother plant when they are 15 - 20cm long. They may be grown in a nursery during the first year. | fast in summer | |||||
| 7 | Amaltaas | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Amaltas, Golden shower tree, Indian Laburnum • Hindi: अमलतास Amaltas • Manipuri: চহুঈ Chahui • Tamil: கொன்றை Konrai • Malayalam: Vishu konnai • Marathi: बहावा Bahava • Mizo: Ngaingaw • Bengali: সোনালী Sonali, Bandarlati, Amultas • Urdu: املتاس Amaltas | Cassia fistula of Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family) | 2020-10-20 00:00:00 | monsoon | medicinal use | deep and well drained loamy soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Suitable for use as a pioneer, the tree can be planted for the restoration of degraded lands and restoration of woodland. Since it is not palatable to domestic animals, it may be suitable for the reforestation of areas which have become overgrazed. Small, slow-growing deciduous or semi-deciduous tree with a rather narrow crown in some reports, but spreading according to others. It can grow 10-15m. The bole can be 40-50cm in diameter. Long history of medicinal use, dating back to ancient times, and it is still commonly used in modern medicine. Grows in annual rainfall range of 500-2,700 mm and the average annual temperatures of 18-29°c. Plants are vulnerable to frost. Prefers a deep, well-drained, moderately fertile sandy loam and a position in full sun. It seems to favour calcareous and red, volcanic soils, but is also found on sandy and loamy soils with a pH of 5.5-8.7. Tolerates some shade. Established plants are fairly drought resistant. Generally take 8-10 years from sowing to flowering. This period can be reduced by vegetative propagation. The tree coppices well and produces root suckers freely. Does not compete well with weeds. Although it is a legume, the roots of this species lack nodulating ability and do not fix atmospheric nitrogen. | |||||||
| 8 | amla | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Amla, Indian gooseberry • Hindi: आँवला Aonla • Manipuri: আমলা Amla • Marathi: आँवला Amla • Tamil: Nelli • Malayalam: Nelli, Nellikka • Telugu: Usiri, Usirikaya • Kannada: Betta nelli, Amalaka • Oriya: Aonla • Gujarati: ambala • Sanskrit: Dhatri, amalaka | Phyllanthus emblica of Phyllanthaceae (Amla family) Synonyms: Emblica officinalis | 8 | monsoon | Firebreak ,Leaf Litter,Bee attractor | light and medium heavy soil except very sandy soil | autumn | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Fire resistant First to recover after fire Leaf mulch Pioneer species Grows where other fruits won't Pollards & coppices well Green manure Correct excessively alkaline soils Fast growing | medium | |||||
| 9 | Arjun | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Arjun • Hindi: अर्जुन Arjun • Manipuri: মাঈযোকফা Maiyokpha • Tamil: மருது Marutu • Malayalam: Nirmarutu • Kannada: Nirmatti | Terminalia arjuna of Combretaceae (rangoon creeper family) | 20-25 | Pollinator | Fertile | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Large, evergreen tree, with a spreading crown and drooping branches. Grows up to 25 m and the bark is grey and smooth. Flowering time of the tree is April-July. Has many medicinal uses, Ayurvedic. Leaves are fed on by the Antheraea paphia moth which produces the tassar silk, a wild uncultivated forest silk. Found growing on river banks or near dry river beds. Spreading roots superbly fit to survive turbulent inundations in the rainy season. Birds are the most important pollinators of Aloe species, but in Africa honeybees also play a role. Grows best in daytime annual temperatures 20-33°c, though it can tolerate 5-47°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall of 1,000-1,500mm, but tolerates 750-1,800mm. Succeeds in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil and a position in full sun. It can tolerate short periods of the soil being inundated. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6, but tolerates 5-7. Young trees can reach a height of 13 metres after 16 years. The tree is planted to provide shade, especially in coffee plantations. | ||||||||
| 10 | ashoka | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | False Ashoka | Polyalthia longifolia | 10 | reduces noise pollution | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Evergreen ( even in very dry weather) Draught hardy ( grows fast - common in delhi) | fast | ||||||||
| 11 | Baheda | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Kannada : thare Baheda, Belliric Myrobalan, Bastard myrobalan, Beach almond, Bedda nut tree • Hindi: बहेड़ा bahera, बहुवीर्य bahuvirya, भूतवास bhutvaas, कल्क kalk, कर्षफल karshphal • Manipuri: bahera • Marathi: बेहडा behada, बिभीतक bibhītaka, कलिद्रुम kalidruma, वेहळा vehala • Tamil: தான்றி tanri • Malayalam: താന്നി thaanni • Telugu: భూతావాసము bhutavasamu, కర్షఫలము karshaphalamu, తాడి tadi, తాండ్రచెట్టు tandrachettu, విభీతకము vibhitakamu • Kannada: ತಾರೆಕಾಯಿ taarekaayi • Bengali: বহেড়া baheda • Oriya: bahada • Konkani: goting • Urdu: Bahera • Assamese: bauri • Gujarati: બહેડા baheda • Khasi: Dieng rinyn • Sanskrit: अक्षः akshah, बहुवीर्य bahuvirya, बिभीतकः bibhitakah, कर्षः karshah, विभीतकः vibhitakah • Nepali: बर्रो barro. | Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Terminalia bellirica of Combretaceae (Rangoon creeper family) Synonyms: Myrobalanus bellirica | 30 | monsoon | Pollinator,Medicinal use ,Leaf Litter | Fertile | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Fast-growing tall handsome tree, with characteristic bark, 12-50 m tall. Giants of semi-open, dry. deciduoud forests with a massive globose crown. Buttressed bole usually has a diameter of 2-3m. Can be branchless for up to 20m. Flowers have a strong unmistakable smell of honey mixed with ordure. Has many medicinal uses. Kernels are eaten by the Lodha people of Bengal for their mind-altering qualities. Grows on deep, well-drained soil in flat, open situations in a dry zone. Fruit used for dyeing cloth & tanning leather. Monkeys and deer feed on leaves and fruits. (JTFCI, pp.184-5) Grows best in mean annual precipitation of 1,000 to over 3,000 mm and annual daytime annual temperatures are within 20-33°c, though it can tolerate 5-45°c. Sensitive to frost, though seedlings can survive, particularly when covered with grass. Generally, temperatures of -1°c can kill a tree. Succeeds in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil in a sunny position. Young trees are somewhat shade tolerant. Prefers periodically dry soils, and is moderately drought tolerant. Plants can tolerate short periods of inundation. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6.5, but tolerates 5-7.5. Pollination may be done by insects, as the flowers have unpleasant odour, which attracts flies. Trees react well to coppicing, but pollarding does not give good results. Edible & medicinal uses, Ayurvedic. Bark is used to make dyes. Leaves, seeds, timber, bark, gum - all have many uses. | fast | ||||||
| 12 | Bakain | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Chinaberry tree, Persian lilac, Pride of India, Bead tree, Lilac tree • Hindi: Bakain बकैन • Manipuri: Seizrak • Marathi: Bakan-nimb बकाणनिंब • Bengali: Bakarjam • Tamil: காட்டு வேம்பூ Kattu vembhu | Melia azedarach L. Melia azedarach of Meliaceae (Neem family) Synonyms: Melia azedarach var. japonica, Melia toosendan | 40 | Monsoon | Leaf Litter ,Pollinator | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Superficially resembling neem but is twice divided. Lilac flowers. its a long limbed tree with a dense spreading crown. its quick growing but shortlived often dying by the time they are 20 years old. Large deciduous/evergreen tree native to India, growing wild in the sub-Himalayan region. In India, Muslims are credited with the spread of the tree. The bark is reddish brown, becoming fissured on mature trees. In spring and early summer, produces masses of purplish, fragrant, star shaped flowers. All parts of Persian lilac tree are poisonous. Eating as few as 6 berries can result in death. Birds that eat too many seeds have been known to become paralyzed. Medicinal uses. Can reach a height of around 45m metres in closed, moist forests, though it is much smaller in the cooler and drier regions in which it is sometimes grown and where is much more likely to be just 10-15m. The straight, cylindrical bole can be free of branches for up to 20 metres, with no buttresses. The tree is generally deciduous, but some forms in the humid tropics are evergreen. It can tolerate a mean maximum temperature in the hottest month of 39°c, with temperatures sometimes falling below freezing in the cool season. Can succeed with an annual rainfall as low as 600mm, competing best in areas that receive less than 900mm. Prefers a well-drained soil in a sunny or partially shaded position. Succeeds in most well-drained soils and in hot dry conditions. Likes sandy soils. Tolerant of quite poor growing conditions, including shallow soils, saline and strongly alkaline soils, poor, marginal, sloping, and stony land, even in crevices in sheer rock. It does not like very acid soils. Grows well in mild coastal areas. Established plants are very drought tolerant. The tree can become invasive in lowland regions. Trees can commence flowering when only 5-6 years old from seed. In the warmer, non-seasonal areas it can flower and fruit all year round. The flowers are produced on the current years wood and have a delicate sweet perfume. The trees do not normally require pruning. The seeds have a strong scent of musk and the wood is also musk-scented. Trees are very susceptible to forest fire, though they sprout back readily from the roots. Plants do not coppice well from large stumps, but excellent coppice is obtained from trees up to a girth of 0.9 m. The tree resprouts after cutting and regrows after pollarding, making it suitable for pole production. Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus. Planted in open areas in a mix with various other species that all have the ability to grow fast; produce dense, weed-suppressing crowns; and attract seed-dispersing wildlife, particularly birds and bats. It is grown as a shade tree in coffee and abaca (Musa textilis) plantations. | fast | |||||||
| 13 | Balcooa Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clumper | Balcooa Bamboo • Assamese: Bhaluka • Bengali: Balku bans, Boro bans • Garo: Wamnah, Beru • Tamil: Barak | Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Bambusa balcooa of Poaceae (Grass family) | 25 | Monsoon | drought resistant | Live Fence ,Leaf Litter | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Densely tufted. Culm is up to 30 m tall, dark green and thick-walled. The cavity diameter is one-third of culm. Internodes 20-40 cm long. Common use in house construction, scaffolding and ladders. Food in Vietnam. Best in annual daytime temperatures 22 - 28°c, but can tolerate 9 - 35°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall of 2,300 - 3,000mm, but tolerates 700 - 4,500mm. Typically growing in a tropical monsoon climate with a dry season of up to 6 months. Succeeds in full sun and in dappled shade. Succeeds in any type of soil but prefers heavy textured soils with good drainage and pH of about 5.5. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 7.5. Each plant produces a number of new stems annually - which grow to max. height in their first year, subsequent growth in the stem being limited to the production of new side branches and leaves. The new stem could be as much as 30 metres tall, with daily increases in height of 30cm or more during their peak growth time (fastest-growing species in the world). Becomes more dense over time, as it does not spread out very much (clumping type). The shoots emerge above the ground during the rainy season and reach full culm length within 2 - 3 months. The lateral branches develop simultaneously with the elongation of the culm. A culm becomes mature in 3 - 4 years. Start harvesting mature culms about 6 years after planting; selective cutting may encourage new culms to develop. The flowering cycle of this species is estimated at 35 - 45 years. | |||||||
| 14 | Ban Nimbu | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Ban Nimbu • Hindi: बन निम्बू Ban nimbu, गिर्गिटी Girgiti, पोटाली Potali • Kannada: Gunaamani, Guroda, Guroda gida, Gurupaade • Khasi: Dieng kasiar, Dieng sohsning • Malayalam: Kuttippanal, Panal • Marathi: Kirmira, Maenaki • Sanskrit: Asvasakhotah, Kupiluh • Tamil: Anam, Kattukkonchi, Konchi • Telugu: Golugu, Gongi, Gonjipandu | Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Glycosmis pentaphylla of Rutaceae (Citrus family) Synonyms: Glycosmis arborea | Edible/Fruit ,Pollinator | Acacia,Banana | Fertile well drained soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Grows up to 1 m. Fruits are pulpy, round, rose-colored berries containing round seeds. Medicinal uses. The young stems were used as toothbrush cum toothpaste. Fruits & roots edible. Prefers a fertile, moisture-retentive but well-drained medium that is rich in organic matter. The pale wood is sometimes used for tool handles. Propagation by seed & cuttings of half-ripe wood. | |||||||||
| 15 | Banyan | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Banyan tree • Hindi: Barh बढ़ • Manipuri: Khongnang taru • Urdu: Bargad • Sanskrit: Vat • Tamil: ஆலை Alai • Telugu: Marri chettu మర్రి చెట్టు | Ficus benghalensis of Moraceae (mulberry family) | 20 | Soil cultivator,bird attractor | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Sends down from its branches great numbers of shoots, which take root and become new trunks. A single tree thus may spread over a large area and look like a small forest. A specimen in the Calcutta botanical garden is more than 100 years old. It has a main trunk 13 feet (4 m) in diameter, 230 trunks as large as oak trees, and more than 3,000 smaller ones. The banyan often grows to a height of over 21 meters and lives through many ages. The most amazing part of this extraordinary tree is its flower. What we think of as the fruit is really a hollow, flower-bearing structure called a cyconia. The inside it is lined with hundreds of male and female flowers. Many medicinal uses. Myna eat figs of the tree and the seeds that pass through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate and sprout earlier. Wood durable under water and used for well-curbs, tent and yoke. Timber is used for well-curbs, furniture etc. Shellac, an important ingredient of French polish, is derived from a resinous secretion called lac, produced by various insects living on the tree. (JTFCI, pp.98-9) The pollinator wasp for Ficus benghalensis is Eupristina masoni. | |||||||||
| 16 | Baobab | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Baobab • Hindi: Gorakh imli गोरख इमली • Marathi: Gorakh chinch गोरख चिंच • Gujarati: Bukha • Telugu: Brahmaaamlika • Bengali: Gadhagachh • Tamil: Papparappuli பப்பரப்புளி • Sanskrit: Sarpadandi | Adansonia digitata of Bombacaceae (baobab family) | 20 | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Succulent, deciduous tree that can grow up to around 20 metres tall, often with a very sparse crown, especially in the drier parts of its range. The swollen, urn-shaped bole will eventually become very wide, often exceeding the diameter of the crown, and can be up to 10 metres across. This is a true multi-purpose tree with a very wide range of used for local people. There is evidence that the baobab fruit was being sold in the markets of Egypt over 4,500 years ago. It is still widely used by local peoples in the areas of the tropics where it grows wild or is naturalised, and is often left standing when land is cleared for cultivation. Decaying wood of a tree that has died of old age or from lightning is spread on fields as a fertilizer. Ashes from the shell, bark and seed are rich in potash and are useful as a fertilizer | |||||||||||
| 17 | Bastard Teak | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Woolly-Leaved Fire-Brand Teak, Kannada - Ije, Eegi Malayalam - Kozhukkattathekku, Pincha, Naithekku; Others - Pincha, Kozhukkattai thekku, Peethai, Irula - Peethaimaram, Purangainari, Naithekku, Podanganari, Malaithekku; Tamil - Kolakattai thekku, Malai Thekku, Kolakkatti Thekku | Premna tomentosa of Lamiaceae (Mint family) Synonyms: Premna cordata, Premna flavescens | Deciduous shrub or tree growing up to 20 m. Bole is often crooked and fluted at the base. It can be up to 30cm in diameter, exceptionally to 50cm, to 15 m high, bark greyish-brown. Harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and source of wood. Root, leaves, bark are used for medicines. The light brown wood is smooth, close-grained and hard, It is used for house building, furniture, weaving shuttles, and also for carving, turnery and fancy work. Both in colour and texture this timber closely resembles satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenia), so much so that it would readily pass for it. Seeds dispersed by anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals. | |||||||||||||||
| 18 | Bengal Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clumper, live fence | Bengal Bamboo, Polymorph bamboo • Hindi: Betwa • Tripura: Bari | Bambusa polymorpha Munro Bambusa polymorpha of Poaceae (Grass family) | 30 | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Tufted bamboo with tall, clean culms reaching 25-30 m in height and 15 cm in diameter. Internodes gray-green, 40–65 cm. Culms are used for house construction, woven matting, baskets, furniture, handicrafts, and as a raw material for paper pulp and board making. This bamboo produces edible shoots with a distinctly sweet taste. It is also a graceful species suitable for landscaping. Best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are 22 - 28°c, but can tolerate 9 - 32°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,200 - 2,500mm, but tolerates 700 - 4,500mm. Prefers a position in light shade, tolerating full sun. Grows best on a deep, fertile, well-drained, loam soils. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 6.5. The life cycle of this species is estimated at 60 years. Natural regeneration is through seed, which is produced abundantly. A seedling needs more than 10 years to develop into a mature clump. In India, some 6-year-old clumps, developed from rhizome cuttings, contained on average 80 culms that were 11 metres tall and 17cm in diameter. Harvesting of culms may start when clumps are more than 5 years old. Culms to be harvested should be older than 1.5 years; for construction purposes, 3 - 4-year-old culms are preferred. For a sustainable yield, at least 8 - 10 old culms should be left in the clump. | |||||||||||
| 19 | Gliricidia | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Mexican lilac, Mother of cocoa, Quickstick • Tamil: சீமை அகத்தி Seemai agathi • Malayalam: Seema konna • Telugu: Madri • Bengali: Saranga • Kannada: Gobbarda mara | Gliricidia sepium of Fabaceae (Pea family) Synonyms: Gliricidia maculata | 2020-10-12 00:00:00 | monsoon | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer ,Leaf Litter | nitrogen feeders | thrive in poor soil also | june | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced | Tree from Mexico used both to provide shade to chocolate trees and also enrich the soil; hence the common name meaning "mother of cocoa." The wood is durable and useful for posts and railway ties. It is a small to medium-sized, thornless tree which usually attains a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish grey to deep red-brown. The stem and branches are commonly flecked with small white lenticels. The best time for the flowers is February to April. In various parts of America, the bark is used as rat poison. The flower and flower buds are boiled or fried as a vegetable, as are the very young leaves. The branches are cut as feed, especially during the dry season when other feeds are unavailable. Tolerant of seasonal dry weather. Seeds and bark are ground and mixed with grain to obtain an effective rat poison. Some caution in the use of the plant as food or feed is desirable. Easily established where desired from large cuttings or stakes. Can be planted from seed as well. | fast | prune after 1 year. pruning month June,Nov,March | ||
| 20 | Casuarina | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Whistling Pine, Casuarina, Common Ironwood, Beefwood, Bull-oak • Hindi: Junglisaru • Marathi: Sura • Bengali: Belati-Jhau • Kannada: surveymara• Malayalam: Sampirani • Telugu: Saruguda • Urdu: Jahbuko • Konkani: Phiramgi saro • Tamil: Savukku | Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarina equisetifolia of Casuarinaceae (casuarina family) | 6-35 | Nitrogen Fixer | citrus tree | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Multi-purpose evergreen tropical seashore tree with leaves reduced to scales. Conifer-like appearance. Large vase-shaped tree that grows 6-35 m. The wood is hard and is almost unworkable by carpenters. It also cracks and splits easily and so is more suitable for beams or posts than planks, but does not last long underground. The chief use is as fuel for which a tree may be cut when 10 to 12 years old, although it is better left until about 20. In southern India is commonly used for wasteland development, due to its ability to form symbiotic nitrogen fixing microorganism of Frankia and mycorrhizal association. Traditional Indian farmers find it more profitable than the annual crops. Poles are used for scaffolding, centering, roofing and also for mine props. Fixes atmospheric nitrogen at the rate of 40 –80 kg/ha/year. Adaptable to a wide range of conditions. Grows well in sunny position and a well-drained soil. Prefers alkaline to neutral soils, range 5 - 6.5, but tolerates 4 - 8.5. Young plants are susceptible to drought until their roots reach the groundwater table, which may take up to 2 - 3 years after planting but then they become very drought resistant. Seen be very invasive in many of the areas into which it has been introduced. Life span of 40 - 50 years and displays fast early growth, at best 2 metres per year. Since it is salt tolerant and grows in sand, the plant is used to control erosion along coastlines, estuaries, riverbanks and waterways. The abundance of highly branched twigs absorbs wind energy amazingly well. Remarkably suited for boundary planting as it does not intercept much of the incoming solar radiation and yields substantial quantities of green leaf manure on lopping as well as several other products. Experiments at Prabhunagar, India, for example, showed that citrus trees grew larger under this plant than in pure stands. | |||||||||
| 21 | Drumstick tree | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Senjana सेंजन (Hindi), Muringai (Malayalam), முறுங்கை Murungai (Tamil), Shevga शेवगा (Marathi), Mashinga मशींग (Konkani) | Moringa oleifera of Moringaceae (drumstick family) | 10 | monsoon | Nitrogen Fixer ,Live Fence ,Edible/Fruit | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Small, graceful, deciduous shrub or small tree with a wide, umbrella-shaped, open crown and sparse foliage, often resembling a leguminous species at a distance. Not tolerant of root flooding. Plant in container or on site from large seeds, or 3-4 foot cuttings. Growth is rapid. The tree grows to about 8 metres tall with a crooked bole that is often forked from near the base and can be 60cm in diameter. A true multipurpose tree with a wide range of edible, medicinal and other uses. Young trees raised from seed start flowering after 2 years. In trees grown from cuttings the first fruits may be expected 6 - 12 months after planting. Flowering often precedes or coincides with the formation of new leaves, and can occur throughout the year in non-seasonal climates. Constant pruning of up to 1.5 metres per year is suggested to obtain a thick-limbed and multibranched shrub. It coppices and pollards well. The sweet smelling flowers are produced throughout the year. In the warmer parts of its range the plant can produce a second crop of seeds each year. There is at least one named variety. Plants can be grown as an informal hedge providing wind protection, shade and support for climbing garden plants. Widely used for live fences and hedges in many areas. Stakes root easily and are stable, and cuttings planted in lines are used particularly around houses and gardens. Because its shade can be controlled well Moringa oleifera is suitable for planting in alley cropping and in vegetable gardens. When trees reach 1.5 m, farmers prune them (at 50cm from the ground or at ground level for older ones) once or twice a year. In alley cropping, an intra-row spacing of 2 metres is used. In the wet season cereals are grown between the lines, in the dry season vegetables. Because the tree is fast growing and readily colonizes areas such as stream banks and savannah, it makes a very good pioneer species for establishing a woodland garden. It is able to provide food after just a few months and also providing shelter to help other plants to establish. | |||||||||
| 22 | Hickory Wattle | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Hickory Wattle, Black Wattle, mangge hutan, mangium, Sabah salwood | Acacia mangium of Fabaceae | 35 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Firebreak | ability to grow in poor soils | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Medium-sized, fasr growing evergreen tree reaching 35 m. The trees flower annually, usually at the end of the rainy season or the early part of the dry season. Dense, spreading crown. Bole is usually straight, often fluted near the base, free of branches for up to half its height and up to 60cm in diameter. The tree is valued for its rapid growth and ability to grow on poor soils. It has been planted throughout the humid tropics and is a major plantation species in Asia. Can tolerate a mean annual rainfall of 1,000-4,500 mm. Although it survives long dry seasons, growth is greatly reduced. Plants do not tolerate frost. Succeeds in a wide variety of soil types, usually being found in acid soils of medium-to-low fertility. Prefers a well-drained soil, but succeeds in poorly drained conditions. Prefers a pH in the range 4.5-6.5, soils with a high pH are not tolerated. Requires a sunny position. Widely planted in the humid tropics, it has escaped from cultivation in many areas and is viewed as a possible threat to local ecosystems. The tree flowers precociously, and viable seed can be harvested 24 months after planting. From the onset of flower buds to pod maturity is about 6 - 7 months. Regeneration through coppicing or pollarding is poor. A short-lived tree, usually dying after 30 - 50 years. The tree is planted primarily for site rehabilitation. Its quick growth and dense shade make it an effective tool in reforesting Imperata grass swards and reducing fire risk. Its ability to grow well on infertile soils, especially those low in phosphorus, make it a favourite for rehabilitation of mine spoils and eroded sites. Seedlings and cuttings are planted as initial shade for cocoa in the nurseries or on-farm. Because of its nitrogen-fixing abilities, it is also used in rehabilitating old cocoa farms or on improved fallows intended for cocoa cultivation. | |||||||||
| 23 | Madras Thorn | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Manilla Tamarind, Madras Thorn, Sweet tamarind • Hindi: Jangal Jalebi जंगल जलेबी • Kannada: Seeme hunase • Marathi: विलायती चिंच Vilayatichinch • Tamil: கொடுக்காப்புளி Kodukkappuli • Gujarati: વિલાયતી અંબલી Vilayati ambli Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Pithecellobium dulce of Mimosaceae (touch-me-not family) | Pithecellobium dulce of Fabaceae | 2020-12-15 00:00:00 | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer | use to conserve poor soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced | Fast-growing with a generally broad and spreading or rounded crown. Grows from 10-15m but ranges between 5-18m. Multiple boles are often formed, these are usually short, generally 30-50cm in diameter but up to 100cm. The tree is widely cultivated as an ornamental, shade-providing plant in the tropics. Can tolerate an annual rainfall as low as 140mm and as high as 2,200mm. Will grow in areas where the average temperature ranges from 18-28°c. Succeeds in most soils, prefers a well-drained soil in a sunny position. Can also succeed in heavy clay soils. Established plants are drought tolerant. Tolerates a pH as high as 8.3. Plants have escaped from cultivation and become naturalized as a weed in dry places in some areas of the tropics. Commences flowering when only 1 - 2 metres tall. Trees can reach a height of 12-15 metres in about 40 years. In favourable soil conditions, they may reach a height of 10 metres in only 5-6 years. The trees coppice vigorously and produce root suckers upon injury to the roots. Once planted in the field, the tree does not need any treatment other than occasional pruning. Looks like the north Indian sweet, Jalebi, hence its common Hindi name. Since it can fix atmospheric nitrogen, and grow on waste and denuded lands, it is used to afforest and conserve poor soils. With regular trimming, the tree makes a dense, almost impenetrable thorny hedge that keeps out livestock and forms useful shelter belts; for hedges, seeds may be sown in 2 rows of 15 x 30 cm. When trimmed hard it makes an attractive if rather fierce hedge. When grown in hedges it is commonly mixed with other species such as Ziziphus mauritiana and Azadirachta indica. Edible & medicinal uses. Fast-growing and coppices vigorously but due to its smokiness and low calorific value (5 177-5 600 kcal/kg), this species is not of very high quality for fuel. In parts of India, it is planted and harvested to fuel brick kilns. Bark has many uses, including dye making. | fast | tree cppice vigorously | |||||
| 24 | Palash | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Kannada - muttuga Flame of the Forest • Hindi: Palash पलाश, Dhak ढाक, Tesu टेसू • Manipuri: পাঙ গোঙ Pangong • Marathi: पळस Palas | Butea monosperma of Fabaceae (pea family) Synonyms: Butea frondosa, Erythrina monosperma, Plaso monosperma | 10 | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer ,Pollinator | grows well in water logged alkaline soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Medium sized tree, growing from 20-40 feet. Trunk is usually crooked and twisted with irregular branches and rough, grey bark. From January to March a riot of orange and vermilion scentless flowers cover the entire crown. Gum is medicinal. Leaves used to make plates. | medium | ||||||
| 25 | Rain Tree | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Rain Tree, Coco tamarind, Acacia preta, French tamarind, Saman, Monkey pod • Hindi: गुलाबी सिरिस Gulabi Siris, Vilaiti siris • Bengali: Biliti siris • Tamil: Amaivagai, Thoongumoonji maram | Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Albizia saman of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) Synonyms: Samanea saman, Acacia propinquaMimosa saman | 27m | Nitrogen Fixer | prefer sandy loam soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced | Large, handsome and spreading, easily recognised by its umbrella like canopy of evergreen, feathery foliage and puffs of pink flowers. It is frequently planted in groups or as an avenue because of its ability to keep its symmetrical conformation in spite of prevailing winds. Rapid growth.Often reaches a height of 27 m. and the strong, spreading branches may be nearly as long. From March to May and again towards the end of the year the green canopy is dotted all over with pink and white. In Malaysia the drooping of the leaves is considered to portend rain and is the explanation of the name Rain Tree. In India it is believed that the name was given because of a curious habit possessed by the tree of intermittently spraying the ground beneath with moisture. The fruit is a fleshy pod, sweet to the taste and much relished by squirrels, horses and cattle. | copicing ability | |||||||
| 26 | Saras/Siris | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | East Indian walnut, frywood, Indian siris, koko, lebbek tree, raom tree, woman's tongue • Bengali: শিরীষ shirish • Gujarati: શિરીષ shirish • Hindi:सरस saras, शिरीष shirish • Kannada: ಸಿರೀಸ sirisa Baagal• Konkani: सिरस siras • Malayalam: നെന്മേനി വാക nenmeenivaaka, വാക vaaka • Manipuri: khok • Marathi: शिरस shiras, शिरीष shirish • Sanskrit: शिरीष shirish • Tamil: வாகை vagai, வெள்வேங்கை vel-venkai • Telugu: దోరిసెన dorisena • Urdu: tinia | Albizia lebbeck of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) | Nitrogen Fixer ,Leaf Litter ,Timber | refers weel drained moisture retnetive soil | All | Annual | Deciduous | Native | Fast-growing deciduous tree with an open, large, spreading crown. Reaches a height of 15 - 20 m sometimes even 30m. Straight, cylindrical bole can be 50-100cm sometimes even 300cm. Fruit a flat, linear pod with many seeds; dried pods persistent after leaf-fall, often heard rattling in the wind. In India plantation-grown siris yields a high quality hardwood, Also used a lot in agro-forestry to provide shade for coffee and cocoa plantations as well as to provide a valuable timber and fuel. Popular amenity tree throughout the dry tropics because of its shady spreading habit, but also produces copious litter. Can be grown under conditions of low (400 mm/year) and irregular rainfall. Succeeds in annual daytime temperatures 26-36°c, but can tolerate 12-48°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 600 - 2,000mm, but tolerates 500 - 2,500mm. Seedlings will not tolerate frost, but trees are moderately frost resistant when established. Prefers a well-drained, moisture-retentive soil and a position in full sun. Succeeds in most soil types, including saline but excluding cracking clay, so long as they are well drained. Tolerant of degraded or nutritionally poor soils. Prefers a pH in the range 6-7, tolerating 5.5-8.5. Established plants are very drought tolerant. Seedlings will not tolerate waterlogging. Requires a position sheltered from strong winds. The tree coppices well, responds to pollarding, pruning and lopping, and will produce root suckers if the roots are exposed. The trees are killed by even light fires. Medicinal uses from leaves, bark, pods, seeds, flowers. The wood is suitable for turnery, carving, general construction, furniture, veneer, agricultural implements. Also for firewood and charcoal. The bark contains saponins and tannins, used for making soap and in tanning. | fast | coppicing,lopping and pollarding activity | |||||||
| 27 | Shikakai | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Shikakai, Soap-pod • Hindi: Kochi, रीठा Reetha, शिकाकाई Shikakai • Marathi: रीठा Reetha • Tamil: Shika, Sheekay, Chikaikkai • Malayalam: Cheeyakayi, Chinik-kaya, Shikai, Cheenikka • Telugu: Cheekaya, Chikaya, Gogu • Kannada: Sheegae, Shige kayi, Sigeballi • Oriya: Vimala • Urdu: Shikakai • Assamese: Amsikira, Kachuai, Pasoi tenga, Suse lewa • Sanskrit: Bahuphenarasa, Bhuriphena, Charmakansa, Charmakasa, Phenila | Acacia concinna of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) Synonyms: Acacia hooperiana, Acacia sinuata, Mimosa concinna | 2020-07-18 00:00:00 | Nitrogen Fixer | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Well-known for the natural shampoo derived from its fruit. Prickly plant, varies from a shrub that can either be scandent or climb into other plants, to a small tree. Can grow 7.5-18m, occasionally to 30m. Produces several main stems which can be up to 10cm in diameter. The seedpods are widely used as a soap substitute in India, whilst the tree also supplies food, tannins and is used medicinally. The pods are usually harvested from the wild and are a common item of commerce in local markets. | medium fast | ||||||||
| 28 | Subabool | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Wild tamarind, White Babool, Leucaena, Lead tree • Hindi: सफ़ैद बबूल Safed babool • Bengali: সুবাবূল Subabul | Leucaena leucocephala of Fabaceae (pea family) Synonyms: Leucaena glauca | 2020-10-12 00:00:00 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Leaf Litter | prefers well drained soil | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | The seedpods are widely used as a soap substitute in India, whilst the tree also supplies food, tannins and is used medicinally. The pods are usually harvested from the wild and are a common item of commerce in local markets. evergreen shrub or tree with a fairly open, rounded crown; it can grow from 5-20m tall. The bole is generally short and can be 10-50cm in diameter. A multipurpose tree, it provides food, medicines and a range of commodities for the local population, Vigorous and fast-growing, it is often cultivated in the tropics as an ornamental and is also used in reforestation projects, as a shade plant for coffee etc. Grows best with a mean annual temperature in the range 25-30°c and a mean annual rainfall of 650-3,000mm. It grows well only in subhumid or humid climates with moderate dry seasons of up to 6-7 months. Prefers a well-drained soil in full sun. Tolerant of a range of soils, including limestone, wet and dry soils, soils of volcanic origin and those with moderate levels of salt. Prefers a pH in the range 6-7.7, tolerating 5-8.5. Plants are very tolerant of drought and of salt-laden winds. Aggressive colonizer of ruderal sites and secondary or disturbed vegetation. Attributed to its precocious year-round flowering and fruiting, abundant seed production, self-fertility, hard seed coat, and ability to resprout after fire or cutting. It is now naturalized and weedy in many areas such as open (often coastal) habitats, semi-natural, disturbed, degraded habitats, other ruderal sites, and occasionally, agricultural land where it has been planted as a shade tree over cacao. Deep-rooted. Respond well to coppicing, soon producing dense regrowth. Tolerates fast fires and can regrow after being burned to the crown by slower fires. Used in re-reforestation projects. Fast growing with an extensive root system. Used in land reclamation, for preventing soil erosion and as a shade plant for coffee cropsIt thrives on steep slopes and in marginal areas with extended dry seasons, making it a prime candidate for restoring forest cover, watersheds and grasslands. An aggressive taproot system helps break up compacted subsoil layers, improving the penetration of moisture into the soil and decreasing surface runoff. One of the first species to be used for the production of green manure in alley-cropping systems. The leaves, even with moderate yields, contain more than enough nitrogen to sustain a maize crop. The finely divided leaves decompose quickly, providing a rapid, short-term influx of nutrients. It has even been suggested that the leaves decompose too rapidly, resulting in leaching of nutrients away from the crop-rooting zone before they are taken up by the crop. This also means that they have little value as mulch for weed control. The tree has the potential to renew soil fertility and could be particularly important in slash-and-burn cultivation, as it greatly reduces the fallow period between crops. | very fast | ||||||||
| 29 | Dhaincha | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Prickly Sesban • Hindi: ढैंचा Dhaincha, Ikad, Dadon, Daden • Kannada: Dhaincha, Mullu jeenangi • Malayalam: Kedangu • Marathi: Bhuiavali, Chinchani, Kansevari, राणशेवरा Ran-Shevri • Tamil: mutcempai, uravi | Sesbania bispinosa of Fabaceae (Pea family) Synonyms: Sesbania aculeata, Aeschynomene aculeata | 3 | aprill may | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer ,Windbreak | any soil | All | Annual | Native | Erect, annual or biennial, slightly woody plant growing from 0.60 - 3 metres tall. On open sites it is branched and spreading, whilst in crowded stands it is tall and straight. The plant is widely cultivated as green manure crop, fodder, shade and hedge plant, It is also grown for its fibres and provides an edible seed for times of shortage. The plant is frequently grown in rotation with paddy rice for soil improvement and fuel wood. It also has an economic perspective because of the gum that can be obtained from the seed (which is a substitute for guar gum) and also as raw material for the paper industry. 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List. Beans used in poultices to treat ringworm/skin infections. Used to make ropes and used in rice paddies traditionally. Flowering: September–November. Grows in mean annual temperature 18-30°c, though it can tolerate 10-34°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall of 700-1,200mm, but tolerates 500-2,900mm. Prefers a sunny position. Succeeds in heavy soils. Grows well under both water-logged or non-irrigated conditions. The plant is very tolerant of soil types, tolerating a pH ranging from 4.3 right up to 10. The plant can become a weed in rice paddy fields. A very fast growing plant, it competes well with weeds and may even suppress growth of Imperata cylindrica on sites where moisture is adequate. A green manure crop can be produced in 2 - 3 months from seed, and a fuel wood or seed crop in 5 - 6 months. If used as a green manure crop for rice, the plant should be ploughed in just before the rice is planted out. Delaying the rice planting may lower its response to the green manure. The leaves follow the direction of sunlight and fold at night. The plant fixes atmospheric nitrogen and is capable of growing in soils where few or no other crops can grow, such as on alkaline or saline soils of low fertility and poor texture. It has a remarkable sustaining quality on such soils and also improves soil permeability. The leftover stalks, roots and fallen leaves enrich the soil still further by adding organic matter. It is used as a temporary shade, windbreak or as a hedge. An important green manure crop - rice yields, after a green manure crop was ploughed in 60 - 70 days after planting, are equal to those obtained with the application of about 80 kg N/ha of chemical fertilizer. | v fast | ||||||
| 30 | Touch-me-not | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Sensitive Plant, Touch-me-not • Hindi: Chui-mui छुई-मुई, Lajwanti लाजवंती • Manipuri: Kangphal, Kangphal ikaithabi • Tamil: தொட்டாச்சுருங்கி thottaccurungi • Malayalam: Tintarmani • Assamese: Nilajban • Bengali লজ্জাবতী Lajjabati | Mimosa pudica of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) | Nitrogen Fixer | Annual | Native | Grows wild. Prickly stems and small, fluffy, ball shaped pink flowers in summer. It grows to a height of 50 cm with a spread of 30 cm. In some areas this plant is becoming a noxious weed. Also has medicinal use. | fast | noxious weed capability | ||||||||||
| 31 | Creeping Hemp | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Creeping Hemp • Marathi: फटफटी Phatphati | Crotalaria filipes of Fabaceae (Pea family) | 0.3 | Nitrogen Fixer | Annual | Native | Growing up to 15-35 cm high. Flowers have red-purple veins on them. Flowers attract small butterflies. Flowering: August-December. | |||||||||||
| 32 | Sunn Hemp | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Creeping Hemp • Marathi: फटफटी Phatphati | Crotalaria filipes of Fabaceae (Pea family) | 0.3 | Nitrogen Fixer | Annual | Native | Lignified fibre from stem, used for fibre production. It suppresses weeds, slows soil erosion, and reduces root-knot nematode populations. When plowed under at early bloom stage, nitrogen recovery is the highest. | |||||||||||
| 34 | Indian Kino Tree | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian Kino Tree, Vijayasar, Malabar kino tree • Hindi: विजयसार Vijayasara, बीज पत्ता Beeja patta, Bijasal, Bila • Kannada: baenga mara, bange, bendaga mara • Malayalam: Venga, honne, karintakara, karinthagara • Marathi: asaaha, asan, asana, बिबला bibla • Sanskrit: Asana, Beejaka, Petaca, Bandhukavriksha • Tamil: acamai, acanapann • Telugu: aine, asana, beddagi, beeja saramu • Urdu: bijasar, dam al akhwain | Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Pterocarpus marsupium of Fabaceae (Pea family) Synonyms: Pterocarpus bilobus, Lingoum marsupium | 33 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Pollinator ,undefined | Well drained | South India ,Central India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Large, deciduous with spreading branches reaching a height of up to 33m, bark 10-15 mm, surface grey or greyish-black, rough, deeply vertically cracked, exfoliations small, irregular, fibrous; blaze pink; exudation blood-red. Flowering: September-October. Has medicinal uses. When growing under favourable conditions, the tree can produce a straight bole. The tree is heavily exploited for its timber, resin and medicinal bark often planted by the Indian forestry. Grown as shade tree in coffee plantations and is often cultivated as a multipurpose tree in home gardens and as component of agroforestry systems in India and Sri Lanka. 'Vulnerable' in the IUCN Red List. Best in mean annual temperature of 22-34°c, but can tolerate 4-47°c. It is found in areas where there is a distinct dry season, preferring a mean annual rainfall of 1,000-1,500mm, but tolerating 750-2,000mm. Requires a sunny position in a well drained soil. Grows best in a deep, rich, light to medium soil. Prefers a pH in the range 6 - 7, but tolerates 5.5 - 7.5. Lots of medicinal and edible uses. | ||||||||
| 35 | Black Rosewood | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Black Rosewood, blackwood tree, Bombay blackwood, East Indian rosewood, Indian blackwood, Indian palisandre, Indian rosewood, Java palisandre, Malabar rosewood, Roseta rosewood • Hindi: काला शीशम kala-shisham, विलायती शीशम vilayati shisham • Marathi: काळारुख kalarukh, शिसव sisau • Tamil: நூக்கம் nukkam, தோதகத்தி totakatti • Malayalam: ഈട്ടി iitti, കരിവീട്ടി karivittti, വീട്ടി viitti • Telugu: ఇరుగుడుచెట్టు iruguducettu • Kannada: ಬೀಟೆ beete • Konkani: सीसो siso • Sanskrit: शिंशपा shinshapa | Dalbergia latifolia of Fabaceae (Pea family) Synonyms: Amerimnon latifolium | 20-40 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Pollinator | South India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Single-stemmed deciduous tree with a dome shaped crown of lush green foliage. The tree can become 20-40 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 1.5-2 m.On coppicing produces sprouts of more length, girth and leaf production. In general, coppicing ability is more when pruning is done at a height of 60cm. Its timber is of high commercial value and wild subpopulations are widely overexploited. Considerable pressure continues to be exerted by illegal felling. The species is protected under the Indian Forest Act, the export of logs or sawn timber being banned. Vulnerable in IUCN Red List. The species is planted as a shade tree in coffee plantations and on roadsides. Seeds remain viable for a period of about 6 months. Germination takes 7 to 25 days and the germination varies from 45 to 80% for fresh seeds. More than 40 species of insects, including defoliators, bark feeders and sap suckers, are known to be associated with this tree. The damage caused by them is insignificant and there is no threat from any of them in the establishment of nurseries or plantations. Seedlings and saplings are readily browsed by cattle and goats. | |||||||||
| 36 | Jayanti | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Common sesban, Egyptian rattlepod, Egyptian pea, Egyptian riverhemp • Hindi: Jayanti जयंती • Kannada: jeenangi, Togache • Oriya: Thaitimul • Marathi: shewarie • Telugu: samintha • Sanskrit: जयंतिका Jayantika | Sesbania sesban of Fabaceae (Pea family) | 8 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Windbreak | grown in wide varietyof soils | Perennial | Native | Small, often multi-stemmed shrub or tree, growing to 4-8 m high. Primarily used as a green manure and a source of cut and carry forage. Planted, or assisted to establish as a volunteer, as an improved fallow in maize fields in southern and east Africa because it improves crop yields and provides fuelwood. Can be intercropped with corn, beans, cotton and many other field crops. Harvested leaves make a rich compost. Its leaves are a good source of protein for cattle and sheep. Plants grown closer together tend to produce one main stem, but when growing in a more open position tend to produce many side branches from low down on the bole. These branches give the tree a shrubby appearance. A multipurpose plant, providing food, medicines, fibre, fuel etc, mainly for local use. Grows best in annual daytime temperatures 18-28°c, but can tolerate 10-45°c. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -5°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at -1°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 800-2,000mm, but tolerates 350-2,500m. Requires a sunny position. Has an outstanding ability to withstand waterlogging and is ideally suited to seasonally flooded environments. When flooded, it initiates floating, adventitious roots and protects its stems, roots and nodules with spongy, aerenchyma tissue. Also shows some tolerance to moisture stress and tolerates soil alkalinity and salinity to a considerable degree. Prefers a pH in the range 5-7, tolerating 4-9.9. A fast-growing, but short-lived plant, often dying before it is 10 years old. It has been reported to attain a height of 4 - 5 metres in only 6 months. It thrives under repeated cuttings and coppices readily, with many branches arising from the main stem below cutting height. Excellent pioneer species for establishing native woodland and woodland gardens. Provides a large bulk for revitalising the soil. Shade plantations of coffee, tea and cocoa. Provide a windbreak for bananas, citrus and coffee. Ability to stabilize soil, and in Asia has been used as green manure for rice. Branches have been used as mulch and leaves as a green manure. Improves soil fertility in a short-term rotation fallow. Useful in combating the parasitic plant striga weed (Striga hermonthica). It stimulates the Striga weed to germinate, but is unsuitable as a host, so the Striga dies unless it can find another host nearby. Some studies indicate that a one year fallow with this plant can increase maize yields from 2 to 4 tonnes per hectare without the application of nitrogen fertilizer. It is a promising shrub for alley cropping because it is easy to establish, grows rapidly, coppices readily and provides mulch material of high nutrient content (particularly nitrogen). In some climates, such as in the highlands of Kenya, it may have a sparse canopy, and weed competition can be a problem. The trees are suitable for use as live trellises for growing pepper plants. | fast growth | copicing ability | ||||||||
| 37 | Krishna siris/oil cake tree | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | krishna siris in hindi and katar in in central india . Kannada: Chujjulu, Chigare | albizia Amara of Fabaceace | Nitrogen Fixer | sandy soil | South India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | good for sandy drought condition | copicing ability | ||||||||
| 38 | Earleaf Acacia | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | auri, black wattle, Darwin black wattle, earleaf acacia, earpod wattle, northern black wattle, Papuan wattle, tan wattle, wattle • Bengali: akash mono • Marathi: अकाशिया akashia, ऑस्ट्रेलियन बाभुळ Australian babhool | Acacia auriculiformis of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) | 15-30 | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer | tolerant to any soil | South India | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Very fast growing, An increment in height of 2 - 4 metres per year in the first few years is common even on soils of low fertility. Evergreen tree with dense foliage and an open, spreading crown, It grows 15 - 30 metres tall with a crooked bole that is up to 12 metres long and 50cm in diameter. It's roots are very strong and can break through concrete, ruining sidewalks and driveways and pushing out other vegetation. Used for the cultivation of the lac insect in India. Its rapid growth, ability to fix nitrogen, tolerance to infertile, acid, alkaline, saline or seasonally waterlogged soils and tolerance of dry season and rainfall of 600-1000mm makes it potential tree species for agroforestry in semi arid tracks. It has the potential to be a pioneer species, but its tendency to spread into the local environment reduces its value as a pioneer outside of its native range. The heartwood is suitable for attractive furniture, turnery, carving and also for construction work. The wood has high basic density (500-650/m3) and calorific value (4700-4900kcal/kg) and is ideal for firewood for firewood and charcoal. It is also good source of paper pulp. The tree produce large quantities of leaf litter enrich the soil nutrient. The tree also capable of fixing atmospheric N to the tune of approximately 207kg/ ha. The wood is a very good fuel and is widely utilized for that purpose. The tree is commonly planted in tropical Asia, particularly as a fuel crop and to provide pulp for the paper industry. An excellent shade tree, it is planted to provide shelter on beaches and beachfronts. In its natural range, the mean annual rainfall varies from 700-2,000 mm, and the dry season (i.e. Monthly rainfall less than 40 mm) can be up to 7 months. The mean maximum temperature of the hottest month is 32-34°c, and the mean minimum of the coolest month is 17-22°c. It tolerates light frost. Requires a sunny position, it is very intolerant of shade. Found most commonly on clay soils, it exhibits the ability to grow in a wide variety of soils including calcareous sands and black cracking clays, seasonally waterlogged soils, sandy loams and coral rag. It can also tolerate highly alkaline and saline soils, pH ranging between 4.3 and 9. It has brittle, easily-broken branches and therefore requires a position sheltered from strong winds. Established plants can tolerate periodic inundation and are also very drought tolerant. The tree responds well to pollarding. Young trees respond to coppicing better than old trees, but the tree does not sprout vigorously or prolifically. The tree has a shallow, spreading root system. Seedlings have the ability to compete with Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) during early growth phases and once mature may reduce the grass to a sparse ground cover. Hybridizes with A. Mangium. The plant flowers and produces fruit throughout much of the year. Improves soil physio-chemical properties such as water-holding capacity, organic carbon, nitrogen and potassium through litter fall. Its phyllodes provide a good, long-lasting mulch. The dense, dark-green foliage, which remains throughout the dry season, makes it an excellent shade tree | |||||||
| 39 | Indian Coral Tree | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian Coral Tree, Lenten tree, Tiger claw • Hindi: Pangara पंगार • Manipuri: কোরাও Korao • Tamil: கல்யாண முருஂகை Kalyana murungai, Paarivala (Kannada) | Erythrina variegata L. Erythrina variegata of Fabaceae (pea family) Synonyms: Erythrina indica, Erythrina mysorensis, Erythrina orientalis | 2020-12-15 00:00:00 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Live Fence ,Windbreak | grows im variety of soil | South India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Showy, spreading tree legume with brilliant red blossoms. This highly valued ornamental has been described as one of the gems of the floral world. It is a picturesque, broad and spreading, deciduous tree that can get 60-80 ft tall and spread 20-40 ft It has many stout branches that are armed with black tiger's claw spines. Unpruned trees may attain a height of 15 - 20 metres in 8 - 10 years. Subsequently, the growth rate slows down, but the main stem continues to increase in diameter. The tree can live to about 100 years.There are curved spines (really more like prickles) on the long leaf stalks too. Most uses and ecological functions are same as the Coral Bean tree. It has a fluted bole, the thick and sappy bole and branches are armed with large, scattered prickles, though cultivated forms are often unarmed. A support plant for crops such as betel, black pepper, jasmine, grape and yams and a component of agroforestry systems. Various species of Erythrina can all, as far as is known, be intercrossed to produce fertile hybrids. Has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby. When trees are used to support vines, side branches are lopped at interval of 6 - 8 weeks, the foliage being used as green manure or fodder. When planted for shade, lower branches are removed immediately after establishment and only a few high branches are allowed to grow. Subsequently, the trees are pollarded once per year in the middle of the rainy season. It is occasionally grown as a shade tree for cocoa and coffee, though not recommended in Java for this purpose as it is leafless for up to a few months per year. Stakes thrust into the ground readily take root, so they are used for making enclosures about gardens. | ||||||||
| 40 | Black Cutch/ catechu/khair | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Cutch Tree, black catechu, black cutch, cashoo, catechu, wadalee gum • Assamese: খৈৰ kher • Bengali: খয়ের khayer • Gujarati: ખેર kher • Hindi: दन्त धावन dant-dhavan, गायत्रिन् gayatrin, खैर khair, खयर khayar, मदन madan, पथिद्रुम pathi-drum, पयोर payor, प्रियसख priya-sakh • Kannada: ಕಾಚು kaachu, ಕದಿರ kadira, ಕಾದು kadu, ಕಗ್ಗಲಿ kaggali • Konkani: खैर khair • Malayalam: കരിണ്ടാലി karintaali • Marathi: खैर khair, खयर khayar, यज्ञवृक्ष yajnavrksa • Nepali: खयर khayar • Sanskrit: गायत्रिन् gayatrin, खदिरः or खादिरः khadira, पथिद्रुम pathi-drum, पयोर payor, प्रियसख priya-sakh • Tamil: செங்கருங்காலி cenkarungali, காசுக்கட்டி kacu-k-katti, கறை karai • Telugu: ఖదిరము khadiramu. కవిరిచండ్ర kaviricandra, నల్లచండ్ర nallacandra • Urdu: کهير khair | Acacia catechu of Mimosaceae (Touch-me-not family) Synonyms: Mimosa catechu, Acacia wallichiana, Senegalia catechu | 2020-03-15 00:00:00 | Timber ,Live Fence ,Pollinator ,Nitrogen Fixer | grows im variety of soil | North India ,West India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Spiny, decisuous, small tree, growing 3-15m. The stem is dark brown to black, with rough bark which peels off in long strips in mature trees; young trees have corky bark. The taproot branches to 2 m depth.Slender branches. The bole can be 50cm in diameter. The tree is a source of tannins, known as 'catechu' or 'cutch', which has a wide range of uses including in medicine, as a dye and preservative, and as an ingredient of 'paan', a widely used mildly narcotic masticatory. The tree also provides a useful timber. It is extensively harvested from the wild, and also cultivated in Asia, and is an item of international trade. Tolerates a minimum temperature of about 7°c. Succeeds in annual daytime temperatures 32-39°c, and the mean annual rainfall of 500-2,000mm. Requires a sunny position. Grows best in a well-drained, neutral to acid soil. Succeeds in a wide range of soils, including poor, shallow ones. Intolerant of clay soils. The tree starts flowering and producing pods when 5-7 years old. Many edible and medicinal uses. Other uses from different parts of the tree. | fast growth | |||||||
| 41 | kikar | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Babul, babool, prickly acacia, black piquant, egyptian acacia, indian gum arabic tree, gum arabic tree, thorn mimosa, thorny acacia, kikar, sant tree [English] | Acacia nilotica of Mimosaceae | 20-25 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Live Fence | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | provides timber,fuel,fodder, pods are edible | |||||||||
| 42 | Jand | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | खेजड़ी (khejri), जांट (jand), जांटी (jandi), सांगरी (sangri), loong [Hindi/Rajasthan/Haryana]; ;जंड (jand) [Punjabi], कांडी (kandi) [Sindh]; वण्णि (vanni) [Tamil]; शमी (shami), सुमरी (sumari) [Gujarati]; జమ్మి (jammi) [Telugu]; جنڈ (jund) [Urdu] | Prosopis cineraria | 2020-03-05 00:00:00 | Nitrogen Fixer ,Pollinator | grows im variety of soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce is a deep-rooted, perennial and multipurpose tree that provides useful fodder for livestock in the drier areas of India and of the Arabian Peninsula. Its bark may be ground into flour and used as food during famines. It provides a wide range of environmental services and is much valued in ethnomedicine. | slow growth | |||||||
| 43 | Calcutta Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clump | Calcutta Bamboo, hard bamboo, iron bamboo, male bamboo, solid bamboo, stone bamboo • Hindi: बांस bans • Manipuri: খোকৱা khokwa • Marathi: बांस, बास bans, उढा udha, वेळू velu • Tamil: சிறுமூங்கில் ciru-munkil, கல்மூங்கில் kal-munkil, காட்டுமூங்கில் kattu-munkil • Malayalam: കല്ലന്മുള kallanmula • Telugu: పోతువెదురు potu veduru • Kannada: ಬಿದಿರು bidiru • Bengali: বাঁশ bamsa, Karali • Oriya: bans • Konkani: वासो vaaso • Urdu: بانس bansa • Gujarati: બાંસ bans • Mizo: tur-sing • Sanskrit: वंश vansha • Nepali: कबान बाँस kaban bans | Dendrocalamus strictus of Poaceae (Grass family) Synonyms: Bambusa stricta, Bambos stricta | 20 | Leaf Litter | well drained sandy soil is best | East India ,South India ,Central India ,North East India ,Western Ghats | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Male bamboo, clump-forming, usually evergreen, producing woody culms that are often much-curved, 6 - 20 metres tall. The thick-walled culms are 25 - 75mm in diameter with internodes 30 - 45cm long. Solid culm, there is no hollow part in it. Tolerates occasional frosts with temperatures as low as -5°c and summer heat as high as 45°c. It occurs naturally in tracts receiving as low as 750 mm of rainfall a year, but can also tolerate as much as 4,000mm. Succeeds in full sun and in light shade. Prefers well-drained, poor, coarse, grained and stony soils. Succeeds on practically all types of soils provided there is good drainage. It does not grow on water-logged or heavy soils such as pure clay or a mixture of clay and lime. Well-drained localities with sandy loam are the best for bamboo growth. Prefers a pH in the range 4.5 - 5.5, tolerating 4 - 6.5. Established plants are drought tolerant. A mature clump grows in all directions, provided there are no obstructions (e.g. rocks or hard soil layers) until a balance is reached between the formation of new culms and the dying off of old culms. The ratio of new to old culms in a clump is usually 1:5. Young shoots usually arise in the rainy season. Given sufficient rainfall, as many as 20 new culms may be produced annually from fair-sized clumps. A mature clump contains on average 20 - 40 culms, but up to 200 are possible. Individual culms are considered mature when they are 3 years old but they can live for up to 15 years. Life varies from 25 - 65 years. Stem, seed and manna obtained from the plant are edible. Many medicinal uses. Uses of stem: scaffolding, bridges, poles, agricultural implements and other large bamboo implements. Also split and used to make other items such as walking sticks, furniture and baskets. The stems are extensively used as a raw material in paper mills. | ||||||||
| 44 | Balcooa Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clump | Balcooa Bamboo • Assamese: Bhaluka • Bengali: Balku bans, Boro bans • Garo: Wamnah, Beru • Tamil: Barak | Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Bambusa balcooa of Poaceae (Grass family) | 2020-12-22 00:00:00 | Leaf Litter | prefers well drained heavy textured soil | North East India ,East India | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Densely tufted. Culm is up to 30 m tall, dark green and thick-walled. The cavity diameter is one-third of culm. Internodes 20-40 cm long. Common use in house construction, scaffolding and ladders. Food in Vietnam. Best in annual daytime temperatures 22 - 28°c, but can tolerate 9 - 35°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall of 2,300 - 3,000mm, but tolerates 700 - 4,500mm. Typically growing in a tropical monsoon climate with a dry season of up to 6 months. Succeeds in full sun and in dappled shade. Succeeds in any type of soil but prefers heavy textured soils with good drainage and pH of about 5.5. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 7.5. Each plant produces a number of new stems annually - which grow to max. height in their first year, subsequent growth in the stem being limited to the production of new side branches and leaves. The new stem could be as much as 30 metres tall, with daily increases in height of 30cm or more during their peak growth time (fastest-growing species in the world). Becomes more dense over time, as it does not spread out very much (clumping type). The shoots emerge above the ground during the rainy season and reach full culm length within 2 - 3 months. The lateral branches develop simultaneously with the elongation of the culm. A culm becomes mature in 3 - 4 years. Start harvesting mature culms about 6 years after planting; selective cutting may encourage new culms to develop. The flowering cycle of this species is estimated at 35 - 45 years. | fast | |||||||
| 45 | Common Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clump | Bamboo, Common bamboo • Hindi: Bans बांस • Manipuri: ৱা Wa • Malayalam: മുലാ Mula • Tamil: மூங்கில் moongil | Bambusa vulgaris of Poaceae (grass family) | 2020-10-20 00:00:00 | Leaf Litter | loves moist fertile soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Erect, evergreen, clump-forming bamboo growing 15 - 20 metres tall. The thin-walled, hollow canes are 40 - 120mm in diameter with internodes 20 - 45cm long. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 22 - 28°c, but can tolerate 9 - 32°c. The stems die back to the ground if exposed to frost, but if the frost was not too severe the plant may resprout from the rhizomes. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,200 - 2,500mm, but tolerates 700 - 4,500mm. It grows best in areas with year-round rainfall, but has been known to succeed even in areas with severe dry seasons - though it is likely to become defoliated until the rains return. Prefers a moist, fertile, humus rich soil in full sun or dappled shade in warm humid conditions. Plants are quite tolerant and can succeed in a range of soil types and conditions, including degraded soils containing tin. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 6.5. Harvesting normally starts 3 years after planting with full production being reached after 6 - 8 years. Many edible & medicinal uses. Used for shelterbelts and erosion control on sloping ground and stream banks. Planted as a barrier and marker along boundaries. | ||||||||
| 46 | Indian Thorny Bamboo | ProductiveTree | clump | Indian Thorny Bamboo, giant thorny bamboo, male bamboo, spiny bamboo, spring bamboo • Assamese: জাতি-বাঁহ jaati baansh, মোকাল-বাঁহ mokal baansh • Bengali: বাঁশ baansha • Gujarati: બામ્બુ baambu, વાંસ vaans • Hindi: बांस baans, बम्बू bambu, बंस buns • Kannada: ಬಿದಿರು bidiru, ವಂಶ vamsha • Konkani: वासो vaaso, वसो vaso, वेलु velu • Malayalam: മുള mula • Manipuri: সনৈবী Saneibi • Marathi: बांबू baamboo, कळक kalaka, कळंक kalanka, माणगा maanga, वेळू velu • Nepali: काँस kauns • Oriya: ਮਗਰ ਬਾਂਸ magar baans • Sanskrit: आमुपः amupah, आर्द्रपत्रकः ardrapatrakah, कण्टकः kantakah, कण्टकिलः kantakilah, वम्भः vambhah, वंशः vamsh • Tamil: குழாய்மூங்கில் kulay-munkil, பெருமூங்கில் peru-munkil • Telugu: బొంగువెదురు bongu-veduru, వంశము vamsamu, వెదురు veduru • Urdu: بانس baans, بمبو bambu, نبس buns | Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Bambusa bambos of Poaceae (Grass family) Synonyms: Arundo bambos, Bambos arundinacea, Bambusa arundinacea | 20-30 | Windbreak ,Live Fence ,Leaf Litter | loves moist fertile soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Grows very fast and tall. The shoots are edible. Clump bamboos have underground stems that sprout vertical shoots much closer to their parent plants, growing slowly outward. Useful for construction materials, scaffolds, and handicrafts. Evergreen, perennial grass with spiny stems that can be 30 metres or more tall and 15-18cm in diameter. The variety of purposes to which the bamboo is applied is almost endless. It is used in many parts of tropical Asia for food, medicines and a huge range of commodities. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 22-30°c, but can tolerate 8-36°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,200-2,500mm, but tolerates 700-4,500mm. Prefers a position in dappled shade, but also grows in full sun. Grows best in a fertile, moist soil. Prefers a pH in the range 4.5-6.5, tolerating 4-7. Forms a clump of stems up to about 5m tall within 7 years from seed and reaches full size after about 20 years, by which time there will be 25-50, perhaps even 100 culms. Twelve-year-old clumps are regarded as mature. One of the best bamboos for windy sites due to the strength of the culms, it is often planted to form wind-breaks around farms - when planted as a hedge around a farm or field, it requires little care. Planted along rivers in order to check floods. | ||||||||
| 47 | Mehndi | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Hina | Lawsonia inermis Family Lythraceae | 2020-02-08 00:00:00 | drought resistant | Live Fence | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Shrub native to India and North Africa • Tolerant to drought and poor soil • Simple opposite leaves • Small white-pinkish flowers • Gray-brown bark • Branches that end in spines • Spherical pea sized fruit. Henna as a Dye • Dye from lawsone in dried leaves • Temporarily dyes the skin, nails, and hair; commonly called Mehndi • Colors textiles • Used as a tanning agent for leather | |||||||
| 48 | Arind | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | castor Bean | Ricinus communis, ofEuphorbiaceae | 2020-02-08 00:00:00 | drought resistant | Live Fence ,Pollinator | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Ricinus communis, the castor bean[1] or castor oil plant,[2] is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools.[3] It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by geitonogamy but at the same time can be an out-crosser by anemophily (wind pollination) or entomophily (insect pollination).[4]Its seed is the castor bean, which, despite its name, is not a true bean.Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).[5] Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant. | fast growth | ||||||
| 49 | Karonda | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Karonda | Carissa carandas of Apocynaceae. | 3 to 5 | drought resistant | Live Fence , ,Edible/Fruit | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Carissa carandas is a species of flowering shrub in the family Apocynaceae. It produces berry-sized fruits that are commonly used as a condiment in Indian pickles and spices. It is a hardy, drought-tolerant plant that thrives well in a wide range of soils. Common names in English include Bengal currant, Christ's thorn,[1] carandas plum and karanda. | |||||||
| 50 | Vajradanti, | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Vajradanti, Peelo Vajradanti, Bajradanti, Katsareya, Kantajati, Kanta sulio, Barleria or Yellow Hedge Barleria | Barleria prionitis of Acanthaceae, | 0.5 to 1.5 | Live Fence | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | spiny erect bush Barleria prionitis. It is a medicinal plant native to temperate-tropical Asia and Africa and most commonly used in Ayurveda for dental care, acute-chronic rheumatism and inflammatory condition of joints.Plant Description:Barleria prionitis is grown as an ornamental and medicinal plant in Asia. It is an erect, bushy, prickly undershrub reaching up to 0.6-1.5 m high and found throughout hotter parts of the country and also cultivated as a hedge plant.It can be considered an annual or perennial plant. During the dry season its stems, leaves, and flowers die off but the roots remain alive. The vegetation regrows during the rainy season.Stem: Erect, 1-8 mm thick, terete, hard, glabrous, nodes swollen, branching at nodes, young stem grey, slightly four angled, usually with 3-4 divaricate spines at axil of leaf; mature stem cylindrical with longitudinally arranged or scattered dot-like lenticels; externally greyish to light brown; a few mature stem slightly hollow.Leaf: Oval-ellipsoid shaped; variable in size up to 10 cm long – 4 cm wide, simple, elliptic, acuminate, entire, acute, reticulate, unicostate, glabrous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath; petiole short.Spines: Pale in color, 1-2 cm long; present at the base of leaves.Flowers: Tubular yellow–orange 4 cm long flowers with protruding stalks (stamens). Sessile, often solitary in the lower axis. becoming spicate above; bracts foliaceous, 16 by 4.5 mm, oblong or lanceolate, acute, bristle-tipped, nearly glabrous; bracteoles 1.3 cm long, narrowly linear, subulate (almost spinous), bristle-tipped; calyx,divided almost to the base, one of the outer sepals rather more than 1.3 cm long, the opposite sepal rather less than 1.3 cm long, 3.4 mm broad, both oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; the 2 inner sepals 1.5 mm wide and as long as the shorter of the outer ones, linear-lanceolate, mucronate; corona, 3.2-4.5 cm long, yellow, slightly pubescent outside, glabrous inside, somewhat 2 lipped; upper lip 2 cm long or more, deeply 4 lobed, the lobes oblong-obovate, round; lower lip oblong-obovate, round, entire; tube 1.9 – 2.2 cm long; stamens 2 fertile and 2 staminodes; filaments of the fertile stamens exerted beyond the corona tube, those of the staminode very short. Ovary superior of two fused carpels; style, simple, usually long with two stigmas.Fruit / Seed: Oval-shaped up to 2 cm long seed capsule containing 2 large (8mm long-5mm wide) flat seeds with silky appressed hairs.Root: Central taproot, with lateral roots. Surface rough due to numerous dot-like lenticels and root scars of fallen roots; external surface greyish-brown, bark thin with the smooth internal surface; wood cream colored; fracture, hard and laminated; odour and taste not characteristic. | |||||||||
| 51 | Phalsa | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Phalsa (Hindi, Marathi, Urdu), Shunkri (Bengali), Phulsa (Kannada), Phutiki (Telegu), Unnu (Tamil), Shukri (Gujarati), Chadicha (Malayalam). | Grewia asiatica of Tiliaceae | 8 | drought resistant | Live Fence ,Edible/Fruit | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Phalsa is a fruit of Indian and Southeast Asia origin. Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) belongs to Tiliaceae family. It prefers dry and hot environment during fruiting. In winter it goes dormant and shed its leaves. High temperature of June help in fruit ripening. Phalsa is commercially propagated by seed. The fruits are eaten fresh as dessert, are made into sirup, and extensively employed in the manufacture of soft drinks.The stem is a hard woody, circular and non-hairy. It has rough grey coloured bark. Flowers are hermaphrodite, flowers appear in leaf axils in clusters of 2-8. Yellow flowers are produced in axillary cymes. Largest fruits are 1.25-1.6 cm. The skin turns from green to purplish-red and finally dark-purple or nearly black during ripening. Small fruits are single-seeded. Since Phalsa bear fruits, there is a need for regular but severe annual pruning before the on-set of spring. yearly pruning to a height of about 1 m encourages new shoots and higher yield of marketable fruit than those of more drastic trimming. | |||||||
| 52 | Jatropha carcus | System Tree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Jatropha curcas | Jatropha curcas of euphorbia | 6 | Live Fence | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America.[2] It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized or invasive in many areas.[3] The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doctor Garcia de Orta more than 400 years ago.[4] Common names in English include physic nut, Barbados nut, poison nut, bubble bush or purging nut.[3] In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant",[3] but it is not the same as the usual castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (they are in the same family but different subfamilies).J. curcas is a semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m (20 ft) or more.[2] It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to grow in deserts.[5][6] It contains phorbol esters, which are considered toxic.[7] However, edible (non-toxic) provenances native to Mexico also exist, known by the local population as piñón manso, xuta, chuta, aishte, among others.[8][9] J. curcas also contains compounds such as trypsin inhibitors, phytate, saponins and a type of lectin[10][11] known as curcin.[12] | ||||||||
| 53 | Chittar Thor | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Erect prickly pear cactus | Opuntia stricta of Cactaceae | 2 | drought resistant | Live Fence ,Edible/Fruit | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced | Opuntia stricta is a large sized species of cactus that is endemic to the subtropical and tropical coastal areas of the Americas and the Caribbean It is a shrubby, erect plant, extending lengthwise to somewhat upright and reach heights of growth up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, producing lemon yellow flowers in the spring and summer, followed by purplish-red fruits. It is quick to colonize hot, open environments with sandy soils. The bald, flattened, ovate to inverted egg-shaped, tapered at the base shoot sections are blue-green. They are 10 to 25 inches long and 6 to 25 inches wide. The brownish areoles are far apart leaving most of the epidermis, with often one or more yellowish spines, at least near the edges and towards the apex. They carry striking, yellow glochids that are 2 to 6 millimeters long. The 1 to 5 awl-shaped spur is flattened, provided with a light barb at the top thorns are yellow. They are perpendicular to the surface of the shoots and are 0.5 to 5 inches long.[3]The yellow to yellowish orange flowers, which are solitary, formed by numerous membranous parts, reach a length of 5 to 6 inches and a diameter of 4 to 6 inches. The flowers are ephemeral and melliferous. The purple-red, smooth fruits are inverted-egg-shaped and tapered at the base. They are 2.5 to 3.5 inches long and covered with plenty of glochids and are more or less pyriform, always purple in color, 4 to 6 centimeters in length and contain from 60 to 180 seeds (which may remain viable for more than 10 years), yellow to light brown, incorporated into the fruit pulp. As fruits are appreciated by birds and mammals, their seeds are dispersed by animals. The mucilage inside the leaves is used to treat burns and abscesses. It is edible in the same way as fruits.[4] | |||||||
| 54 | Harshingar | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | night-flowering jasmine or Parijat or hengra bubar or Shiuli | arbor tristis of Oleaceae | 10 | Live Fence | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, the night-flowering jasmine or Parijat or hengra bubar or Shiuli is a species of Nyct Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a shrub or a small tree growing to 10 m (33 ft) tall, with flaky grey bark. The leaves are opposite, simple, 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 2–6.5 cm (0.79–2.56 in) broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are fragrant, with a five- to eight-lobed white corolla with an orange-red centre; they are produced in clusters of two to seven together, with individual flowers opening at dusk and finishing at dawn. The fruit is a bilobed, flat brown heart-shaped to round capsule 2 cm (0.79 in) diameter, each lobe containing a single seed.[3][4]anthes native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.[1][2][3][4]Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a shrub or a small tree growing to 10 m (33 ft) tall, with flaky grey bark. The leaves are opposite, simple, 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 2–6.5 cm (0.79–2.56 in) broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are fragrant, with a five- to eight-lobed white corolla with an orange-red centre; they are produced in clusters of two to seven together, with individual flowers opening at dusk and finishing at dawn. The fruit is a bilobed, flat brown heart-shaped to round capsule 2 cm (0.79 in) diameter, each lobe containing a single seed.[3][4] | |||||||||
| 55 | Nimbu | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Lemon, Nimbu निम्बू (Hindi), Champra (Manipuri), எலுமிச்சை Elumicchai (Tamil) | Citrus limon of Rutaceae | 3to 6 | needs regular water | Edible/Fruit ,Live Fence | grows well in sandy loam soil | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | The true lemon tree reaches 10 to 20 ft (3-6 m) in height and usually has sharp thorns on the twigs. | ||||||||
| 56 | Beri | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Indian jujube, desert apple, | Zizyphus Mauritiana of Rhamnaceace | 15 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit ,Live Fence | can grow in poor soil | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | smallish, spiny tree, thrives in dry conditions, grows fast | fast | |||||||
| 57 | Hedge Bamboo | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Hedge Bamboo, Chinese dwarf bamboo | Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. Bambusa multiplex of Poaceae (Grass family) Synonyms: Arundo multiplex, Bambusa glaucescens | 2020-10-15 00:00:00 | drought resistant | Windbreak ,Edible/Fruit ,Live Fence | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Chinese bamboo, widely used in landscaping because it spreads slowly. The thin-walled canes are 10-30mm in diameter with internodes 20-40cm long. Good for screens or hedges. With water, fertilizer and no control, they may reach 55 feet. It is drought-tolerant once established. Evergreen, clumping bamboo producing erect canes from 2-7m tall. Harvested for its edible young shoots and culms that are used for weaving, paper making etc. | medium | |||||||
| 58 | vetiver grass | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Hindi: Bala, Balah, Bena, Ganrar, Khas, Onei, Panni; Urdu: Khas; Bengali: Khas-Khas; Gujarati: Valo; Marathi: Vala Khas-Khas; Mundari: Birnijono, Sirum, Sirumjon; Oudh: Tin; Punjabi: Panni; Sadani: Birni; Santali: Sirom; Telugu: Avurugaddiveru, Kuruveeru, Lamajjakamuveru, Vettiveeru, Vidavaliveru; Tamil: Ilamichamver, Vettiver, Vilhalver, Viranam; Kannada: Vettiveeru, Laamanche, Kaadu, Karidappasajje hallu; Malayalam: Ramaccham, Ramachehamver Vettiveru; | Chrysopogon zizanioides of Poaceae (Grass family) | 1.5 | trench | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Grow up to 1.5 metres and form clumps as wide. The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid; the flowers are brownish-purple. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally spreading, mat-like root systems, vetiver's roots grow downward, 2–4 m in depth.Perfume, oil, water purifier, medicinal, insect repellant. | |||||||||
| 59 | Lemon grass | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Lemon Grass, Oil grass, West Indian lemon grass • Hindi: गंधत्रिण Gandhatrina • Manipuri: হাওনা Haona • Marathi: Olecha • Tamil: கர்ப்பூரப்புல் Karppurappul • Malayalam: Vasana Pullu • Telugu: Nimmagaddi • Kannada: Majjigehullu • Bengali: গংধবেনা Gandhabena • Konkani: Oli-cha • Gujarati: લિલિચા Lilicha • Sanskrit: Bhustrina | Cymbopogon citratus of Poaceae (Grass family) | 1.5 | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Aromatic, evergreen, clump-forming, perennial grass producing numerous stiff stems arising from a short rhizomatous rootstock, and growing around 1.5m tall. It is used as a food flavouring, especially for Asian cuisine; as a medicinal herb; the source of an essential oil; and as a soil improver and stabilizer. Grows best in annual daytime temperatures range 24-30°c, but can tolerate 18-34°c. Can be killed by temperatures of 10°c or lower. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,500-3,000mm, but tolerates 700-4,200mm. Prefers a moisture-retentive soil in full sun. Requires a well-drained soil. The plant seldom flowers. A good soil conditioner in worn out land. The plants quickly produce a bulk of organic material which soon rots down, attracting worms and other beneficial creatures and quickly enriching the soil. A row of lemongrass plants can be used as a divider in the garden - it can help to contain more invasive plants such as sweet potato, and also as a barrier to prevent weeds growing into the garden. The grass is useful for soil improvement and erosion control. | |||||||||
| 60 | Elephant Grass | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Lesser Indian Reed Mace, Elephant Grass, Small Bulrush, Lesser Cattail • Hindi: पतेरा Patera, Pater • Marathi: Pun, Pan-kanis • Tamil: ஸம்பு Sambu • Telugu: Dabbu Jambu, Jammu • Kannada: Apu • Bengali: হোগলা Hogla | Typha angustata of Typhaceae (Reed Mace family) Synonyms: Typha angustifolia var. angustata | 2 | Firebreak ,Windbreak,trench | can grow in any soil | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Breeds in shallow water of a pond or a riverside. The height is 1.5 - 2 m, and its leaf and stem standing erect. Bio-fuel. As a high-quality perennial grass for cut feed. A tall, thick-stemmed, perennial grass forming a dense system of rhizomes, from which numerous new culms arise. Adapted to the hot, humid tropics, tolerant of heavy soils and root flooding, and will live through a long drought. A principal grass for feeding cattle, it is best cut and not grazed. Useful as an abundant, easily-produced thatching material, and, when cut and dried, as a mulch. A potential source of pulp for paper. Usually established by planting three-noded cuttings in loosened soil, but, on a loose soil during the rainy season, the grass can be spread as a mulch which then roots. Fertilization might be desirable in a poor soil to speed establishment. The foliage may contain certain glycosides of hydrocyanic acid and occasional livestock poisoning has been reported. Frequently used in folk medicine. | ||||||||
| 61 | Singapore cherry | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Jamaican cherry, Panama berry, Singapore cherry, Strawberry tree, (Spanish), Singapore cherry or the more appropriately titled Jam tree. | Muntingia calabura of muntingiaceace | 7 to 12 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit ,Bird Attractor | can grow in poor soil | South India ,West India ,Central India | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Muntingia is a genus of plants in the family Muntingiaceae, comprising only one species, Muntingia calabura,[2] and was named in honour of Abraham Munting. It is native to the neotropics, from Mexico south to Bolivia. In Kerala it is seen in the areas adjacent to the Western Ghat. Usually it serves as a shade plant. The edible fruit ripens during November to January and is said to help diabetic patients. A small reduction was recorded in patients' blood sugar levels after consumption. A popular belief is that this tree leads to prosperity. 'Kattilanthi' is the colloquial name which means 'wild cherry'. It is also known as "Company Pazham" in the Palakkad Walayar area. The tree is quite common in the dry land of Palakkad and planted for its shade along highways.The trees grow to a height of 7-12 metres and are multi tiered with slightly drooping branches. The leaves are serrated, measure 2.5-15 cm in length and are 1-6.5 cm wide. The flowers are small in size and white in colour.The fruit is red in colour, edible, sweet and juicy, and contains a large number of tiny yellow seeds.The tree thrives well even in soils devoid of any nutrient and is able to grow in acidic and alkaline conditions and in drought.The seeds are dispersed by birds and fruit bats. It is cultivated for its edible fruit, and has become naturalised in some other parts of the tropics, including southeastern Asia. | |||||||
| 62 | Aak | System Tree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | milkweed | Calotropis gigantea | 4 | Pollinator | can grow in poor soil | undefined | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Calotropis gigantea, the crown flower, is a species of Calotropis native to Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,[citation needed] Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Pakistan, Nepal, and tropical Africa.[2]It is a large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in colour. Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small "crown" rising from the center which holds the stamens. The aestivation found in calotropis is valvate i.e. sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping. The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The latex of Calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, and calcium oxalate. | ||||||||
| 63 | Kadam | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Kadam • Hindi: कदम्ब Kadamb • Tamil: வெள்ளை கதம்பு Vellaikkatampu • Malayalam: Katampu • Kannada: Kaduavalatige • Telugu: Rudrakskamba | Neolamarckia cadamba of Rubiaceae (Coffee family) Synonyms: Anthocephalus cadamba, Anthocephalus indicus | 45 | Windbreak ,Pollinator | Fertile | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Large, ornamental tree with a broad, umbrella-shaped crown that can reach a height of 45 metres. It has a straight, cylindrical bole, sometimes with buttresses, that can have a diameter of 100cm, exceptionally to 160cm. Early-succession species, it grows best on deep, moist, alluvial sites, often in secondary forests along riverbanks and in the transitional zone between swampy, permanently flooded and periodically flooded areas. Prefers a mean annual temperature of 23°c and is sensitive to frost. It grows best with a mean annual rainfall of around 1,600mm or more, but can tolerate dry areas with as little as 200mm of rain. Prefers well drained entisols. It does not grow well on leached and poorly aerated soils. Older trees require good light conditions, the saplings, however, require the protection of some shade from the hot sun. Trees are sensitive to frost, drought and excessive moisture. Trees can tolerate periodic flooding. Young trees usually grow fast for the first 6-8 years, commencing flowering around the age of 4 years. When grown for timber, they are usually felled at around the age of 10 - 15 years. The tree coppices well. The fragrant orange flowers attract insect pollinators. It is fast growing and suitable for reforestation in watersheds and eroded areas and for windbreaks in agroforestry systems. It is also excellent as a shade tree for dipterocarp line planting. Trees shed large amounts of leaf and non-leaf litter, which on decomposition improve some physical and chemical properties of the soil under their canopy. This reflects in increases in the level of soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, available plant nutrients and exchangeable bases. Many uses of leaves, bark, and other parts. | ||||||||
| 64 | Farash | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Athel Pine, Athel tamarisk • Hindi: फ़राश Farash, लाल झाड़ Lal-jhar • Sanskrit: Jhavuka, Machika • Tamil: sivappattushavukku • Telugu: ettashirisaru, ettaverusaru, farash, sarru, lal-jhau • Urdu: Farash, Gazesurkh | Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. Tamarix aphylla of Tamaricaceae (Tamarisk family) Synonyms: Thuja aphylla, Tamarix articulata | 15 | Windbreak | Less Fertile | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Evergreen, native, tree with drooping twigs and a dense spreading crown with several heavy large limbs. Upto 15 m with pendulous, jointed branches. Mature trees have a thick, rough, dark grey to black bark, and grey-brown stems, and can be up to 1 m in diameter.Not related to true pine trees (conifers) The seeds have a tuft of fine hairs which assists wind dispersal. The trees have strong woody roots which penetrate and spread deeply throughout the soil. The bole can be 60-80cm in diameter. The plant is harvested from the wild for food, medicine, tannins and timber which are used locally. It is sometimes grown to provide shelter near the coast and also as an ornamental. Quite an attractive ornamental tree, the thin branches and blue-green leaves give a feather-like appearance and drooping clusters of delicately coloured inflorescence are attractive, used to screen farm buildings and for street planting. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 27-40°c, but can tolerate 8-50°c. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -10°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at -1°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 300 - 400mm, but tolerates 200 - 500mm. An easily grown plant, succeeding in most soils and tolerant of saline conditions. Grows well in heavy clay soils as well as in sands and even shingle. Usually found near the coast, it succeeds inland if given a fairly good deep loam and a sunny position. Tolerant of maritime winds and dry soils when grown near the coast, plants require a moister soil and shelter from cold drying winds when they are grown inland in non-saline soils because they use the soil salts that are found in saline soils to help them reduce transpiration. It grows more vigorously on land subject to occasional inundation than on land which is never flooded. Prefers a pH in the range 6.5-7.5, tolerating 6-8.5. The plant escapes from cultivation and invades streambanks, sandbars, lake margins, wetlands, moist rangelands, and saline environments. It can spread rapidly, producing jungle-like growth. It can crowd out native riparian species, diminish early successional habitat, and reduce water tables and interferes with hydrologic process. This species flowers on the current year's growth. Any pruning is best carried out in spring, hedges are also best trimmed at this time. Plants are tolerant of severe pruning, sprouting freely from old wood. Plants produce a deep and extensive root system, ranging about 10 metres deep and 34 metres horizontally. Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus. The dense salty litter produced by the tree prevents growth of other plants and does not burn. Salt secreted from the foliage may cause salinization of the upper soil layers, even on non-saline soil. Salt drip from the leaves kill all ground vegetation beneath the tree and litter from it is too salinized to burn thus strips of the species can be grown to stop wild fires and also hold the spread of fires along highways or railway lines caused by sparks or cigarettes. Used as a plant indicator for soil type in agricultural surveys | ||||||||
| 65 | Neem | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Neem • Hindi: नीम Neem • Manipuri: নীম Neem • Marathi: Nimbay • Tamil: வேப்பை Veppai, Sengumaru • Malayalam: Ariyaveppu • Telugu: వెపా Vepa • Kannada: Turakabevu, Bevu • Bengali: Neem • Urdu: Neem • Assamese: নীম Neem • Gujarati: ધનુજઝાડ Dhanujhada, Limba • Sanskrit: Pakvakrita, nimbaka | Azadirachta indica of Meliaceae (Neem family) Synonyms: Melia azadirachta, Antelaea azadirachta | 15 to 20 | Windbreak ,Bird Attractor | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Fast growing, reaching height of 15-20 m, rarely to 35-40 m. It is evergreen but under severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. Short, straight bole that can be 100cm in diameter, and long, spreading branches that form a dense, large, oval or rounded crown that can be 20m wide. Strong taproot and well developed lateral roots. Being drought resistant with a well-developed root system capable of extracting nutrient from the lower soil levels, it is a suitable tree for dune-fixation. Because of its low branching, it is a valuable asset for use as a windbreak. Intercropping A. Indica with pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, has given good results in India. The leaves and small twigs are used as mulch and green manure. Tough tree, grow almost anywhere in the lowland tropics and subtropics. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 26-40°c, but can tolerate 14-46°c. Mature plants tolerate some frost, but seedlings are more sensitive. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 450-1,200mm, but tolerates 200-2,000mm. Prefers a well-drained soil in a sunny position. Tolerates poor soils and is drought tolerant once established. Quickly dies in waterlogged soils, and does not succeed in deep dry sands where the dry-season water table lies below 18 metres. Tolerant of moderate soil salinity. Can tolerate fairly heavy shade during their first few years, though then require large amounts of light. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-7, tolerating 5-7.5. Needs some control, for it may aggressively invade neighbouring areas and become a weed. A fast-growing tree, it can reach a height of 4 - 7 metres after 3 years, and 5 - 11 metres after 8 years. Trees may start flowering and fruiting at the age of 4 - 5 years, but economic quantities of seed are produced only after 10 - 12 years. Trees coppice freely, and early growth from coppice is faster than growth from seedlings. The plant also withstands pollarding well. | fast | |||||||
| 66 | Shisham | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian rosewood, Shisham शीशम (Hindi), Sissu (Manipuri), Sitral (Bengali) | Dalbergia sissoo of Fabaceae (pea family) | 20 | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer ,Windbreak ,Leaf Litter | can grow in poor soil | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Deciduous medium-sized tree growing up to 30m. The bole is often crooked and branchless for up to 8m, occasionally for as much as 20m. A valuable timber in India, where it can fetch the same prices as teak. It is cultivated as a forest tree in southern Asia and tropical Africa, and for shade, windbreak, erosion control etc in some areas. Planted successfully in regions with 600-900 mm annual rainfall, which is too dry for most other timber species. However, for optimal growth more than 1,000 mm of annual rainfall is required and it can succeed in areas with 4,500mm. It is tolerant of some frost, surviving minimum temperatures of -4°c, and can also tolerate temperatures as high as 45°c. Prefers a fertile, loam soil and a position in full sun. Succeeds in poor soils, but growth is retarded on badly drained or stony soils. Older trees are very drought-resistant and can withstand up to 9 dry months and mean annual rainfall of only 400 mm. The tree is very invasive, showing pioneer characteristics, and can become a serious weed, as has been the case in Australia. Seedlings and saplings have a strong taproot with numerous fibrous lateral roots, some of which may later develop into large superficial roots. Young trees may grow fast; under exceptional conditions, they may reach 3.7 metres in 1 year, as much as 11 metres in 5 years and 15 metres in 10 years, but more usually growth rates are 5 metres in 5 years, 10 metres in 10 years and 17 metres (with a mean bole diameter of 25 cm) in 20 years. Trees are often surrounded by numerous root suckers. It is a strong light demander and only vigorous trees attain larger sizes in dense stands, suppressing weaker trees. Trees can be coppiced, although it has been observed that coppiced trees lose vigour after 2 - 3 rotations. Plants are not fire-resistant. Grown as a shade tree in agroforestry systems in India and Pakistan, for reforestation of eroded soils, and as a soil improver that fixes nitrogen and provides mulch. It is also planted as a windbreak and shelterbelt. Has an unusual amenity use as a host for orchids. The sub-Himalayas, its homeland, is abound with a variety of orchids, many of which are known throughout the world for their beauty. | fast | ||||||
| 67 | Salwood | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | sal tree | shorea robusta of Dipterocarpaceaes. | 30 | Windbreak | North India ,Central India ,East India ,North East India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | This tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, ranging south of the Himalaya, from Myanmar in the east to Nepal, India and Bangladesh. In India, it extends from Assam, Bengal, Odisha and Jharkhand west to the Shivalik Hills in Haryana, east of the Yamuna. The range also extends through the Eastern Ghats and to the eastern Vindhya and Satpura ranges of central India.[3] It is often the dominant tree in the forests where it occurs. In Nepal, it is found mostly in the Terai region from east to west, especially, in the Sivalik Hills (Churia Range) in the subtropical climate zone. There are many protected areas, such as Chitwan National Park, Bardia National Park and Shuklaphanta National Park, where there are dense forests of huge sal trees. It is also found in the lower belt of the Hilly region and Inner Terai.The sal tree is known also as sakhua in northern India, including Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Jharkhand.[4][5] It is the state tree of two Indian states - Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.[6][circular reference]Sal is moderate to slow growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m. The leaves are 10–25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. In wetter areas, Sal is evergreen; in drier areas, it is dry-season deciduous, shedding most of the leaves in between February to April, leafing out again in April and May | |||||||||
| 68 | Indian date palm | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Cliff Date Palm, East Indian wine palm, Indian date palm, Wild date palm | Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson Phoenix rupicola of Arecaceae (Palm family) | 6 | drought resistant | Windbreak | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Growing to only about 6.1m, is smaller than the more commonly planted true date palms. It is a tidier tree with a a neater appearance as the trunk is clean, not retaining the old leaf bases like other date species. As the leaves die they are shed leaving a smooth trunk ringed with narrow scars at the point of attachment. It is the canopy of fronds that really sets this palm apart from the rest. The purplish red fruit is about 0.75in long and has a thin layer of edible flesh although the fruit is not this palm's best quality. Prefers sun but can tolerate shade. Drought resistant and requires well drained soils. Min Temperature: -3 C. Seed Germination: Easily, 1-3 months. The ability to thrive in inaccessible habitats such as steep, rocky slopes, ridges and cliffs may help ensure its survival in the wild. Fruits of are sweet but mealy, and are eaten by mammals and birds. Stem pith is eaten uncooked by Lepcha people. Due to its flexible leaves, its resistance to wind is considerable. Can be easily attacked by spider mites. | ||||||||
| 69 | Karanj | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Pongam Tree, Indian Beech Tree, Pongame Oil Tree • Hindi: Karanj करंज • Tamil: புந்கா Pungai • Malayalam: Ponnu, Unnu • Oriya: Koranjo • Kannada: Honge • Marathi: करंज Karanj • Telugu: Pungu • Gujarati: કરંજ Karanja • Bengali: করংজ Karanj • Assamese: Karchaw • Sanskrit: करंजः Karanjah | Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Pongamia pinnata of Fabaceae (pea family) Synonyms: Millettia pinnata, Pongamia glabra, Derris indica, Cytisus pinnatus | 15-20 | drought resistant | Nitrogen Fixer ,Windbreak | Less Fertile | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Fast-growing native deciduous tree that grows to about 15-25 meters in height with a large canopy that spreads equally wide. The tree is well suited to intense heat and sunlight and its dense network of lateral roots and its thick, long taproot make it drought tolerant. The spread of roots on this species, about 9 metres in 18 years, is greater than most other species; moreover it produces root suckers profusely. Medicinal uses. Seed yields an important fatty oil used in lubricants and also in domestic lamps. Commonly found along the river-banks and also planted in bunds of the agricultural field for shade and manure. This species is one of the few nitrogen-fixing trees to produce seeds containing oil, and these are collected in vast amounts in India for commercial processing of industrial uses. Large amounts of flowers, leaves and pods are shed regularly. Grows in areas where the mean annual temperature ranges from a min of 1-16°c, up to a max of 27-38 (exceptionally 50)°c, and the mean annual rainfall is 500-2,500 mm, with a dry season of 2-6 months. Mature plants can tolerate light frosts. Plant can grow on most soil types. The best growth is found on deep well-drained sandy loams with assured moisture, but it will also grow on sandy soils and heavy swelling clay soils. Tolerant of shade, it can grow under the shade of other trees, but will also grow well in full sun. Plants are wind-resistant, tolerating at least some salt-laden air. Plants become nutrient deficient if growing in soils with a pH higher than 7.5.pongam is unsuitable for agroforestry and has the potential to become a weed if not managed carefully. Pod production commences when seedlings are 5 - 7 years old. The pods do not open naturally, and must decay before the seeds can germinate. Individual trees yield 9 - 90 kg of pods annually, while mature trees yield 8 - 24 kg of seeds annually. Growth of young trees is fairly slow; a growth of 1.3 metres in height and 0.4 cm in diameter in 13 months was recorded in India. Trees coppice well and can also be pollarded. When planted as a shade or ornamental tree, pruning may be necessary to obtain a trunk of appropriate height. Grass grows normally beneath the tree so it has been planted to provide shade in pastures. It is also grown as a windbreak and shade provider for tea plantations in Sri Lanka. The incorporation of leaves and the presscake into soils improves fertility. Decomposed flowers are valued in the tropics as rich nutrition for special plants, especially when grown in greenhouses. The leafy twigs are used for green manuring rice paddies, sugarcane fields and coffee plantations. The tree is used as a host for the hemiparasitic sandalwood, Santalum album. | fast | ||||||
| 70 | Hulachi | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian tulip tree, Aden apple, Portia tree • Hindi: Paras pipal पारस पीपल, Bhendi • Malayalam: Puvarasu • Bengali: Palaspipal • Tamil: பூவரசு Puvarasu, Kannada - Hulachi | Thespesia populnea of Malvaceae (Mallow family) Synonyms: Hibiscus populneus, Abelmoschus acuminatus, Hibiscus blumei | 20 | Windbreak | Less Fertile | South India ,Central India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Portia tree is a fast-growing evergreen shrub or small tree with a dense, braod crown; it can grow up to 20 metres tall. It has a short, often crooked bole that can be free of branches for up to 3 metres and 60cm or more in diameter. The bole can become hollow with age. A multipurpose tree, providing food, medicines and many other commodities for local use. The plant is especially valued for its beautiful richly-coloured dark wood. The plant is ideal for seaside planting, providing screening, shelter and shade. It is a sacred tree in many parts of the Pacific, where it is often planted near temples and is also often planted to provide shade near dwellings. | fast | |||||||
| 71 | Jamun | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Java plum, Jamun • Hindi: जामुन Jamun • Manipuri: Jam • Tamil: நாகை Nagai | Syzygium cumini of Myrtaceae (Bottlebrush family) or Eugenia jambolana | 20 | drought resistant | Windbreak ,Pollinator ,Edible/Fruit | Less Fertile | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Evergreen jamun plant growsd 50 to 100 ft. tall. Jamun has fragrant white flowers in branched clusters at stem tips and purplish-black oval edible berries. The leaves are antibacterial, and are used for strengthning the teeth and gums. The fruit and seeds are sweet, acrid, sour, tonic, and cooling, and are used in diabities, diarrhoea and ringworm. The bark is astringent, sweet sour, diuretic, digestive and anthelmintic. Fast-growing, with a dense, frondose crown. The straight bole is short, stout, and low branched, usually around 40-100cm in diameter. Very ancient fruit crop, cultivated for over 2,500 years in India, where it is venerated by Buddhists and Hindus. It is considered to be sacred to Krishna and is often planted near temples. It is also planted for shade, ornament, windbreaks, and hedges. Best in annual daytime temperatures are within the range 20-32°c, but can tolerate 12-48°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,500-6,000mm, but tolerates 800-9,900mm. Plants can withstand a dry season of up to 6-7 months. Although it prefers a sunny position, plants are moderately shade-tolerant, especially when young. A very versatile plant able to grow on a wide range of soils, it can even grow on shallow, rocky soils provided the rainfall is sufficient. Tolerates prolonged flooding, and once established, it can tolerate drought. In dry sites, it generally confines itself to the vicinity of watercourses. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-7, tolerating 4.5-8. Plants are tolerant of quite strong winds. Trees self-sow freely and may become serious pests in pastures. Seedlings may reach a height of 4 metres in only 2 years. The tree coppices remarkably well; vigorous shoots are produced in large numbers from small and large stumps alike. Coppice stands along streams have been reported that grew to 4.6 metres in 4 years. The plant is amenable to trimming and can be grown as a hedge or to provide shelter from the wind. In perennial plant systems it is often interplanted as a shade-provider with crops such as bananas, coffee and cocoa. The flowers are very attractive to bees, yielding a quality honey. Multiple edible and medicinal uses and other uses. | |||||||
| 72 | Maulsari | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Spanish cherry • Hindi: Maulsari मौलसरी • Urdu: Kirakuli किराकुली • Manipuri: বোকুল লৈ Bokul lei • Tamil: மகிழம்பூ Magizhamboo • Malayalam: Ilanni • Bengali: Bakul • Marathi: Bakuli • Konkani: Omval • Kannada: Ranjal • Gujarati: Barsoli | Mimusops elengi of Sapotaceae (Mahua family) | 15 | Windbreak ,Pollinator | Fertile | Western Ghats ,South India | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Native to Western Ghats. Middle sized, branching low, slow growing, evergreen - needs warm but moist climates - deep fertile soils ( i have seen a lot in delhi)- sbhogra) Dense, rounded, spreading crown; it usually grows from 15-30m, exceptionally to 40 metres. The bole is often short and divided into several large main branches, but it is sometimes branchless for up to 15 or even 20m; it can be up to 100cm in diameter, with buttresses either absent or up to 2m high. The tree provides food, medicine and a range of commodities for the local people. It is often cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, as an ornamental (where it is particularly valued for its fragrant flowers), in order to provide shade along roads and in gardens, and also for its wide range of uses. In some countries in tropical Asia (e.g. Indonesia) the wood is traded commercially, but it is probably traded in mixed consignments comprising the wood of many other Sapotaceae. In Africa it is used only very locally and is not traded. Although not generally seen as a threatened species, in some regions in Asia (such as The Philippines), Mimusops elengi is classified as a vanishing timber tree. It is tolerant of light frosts. Grows best in a sunny position but is shade tolerant, retaining a full crown and reproducing satisfactorily under fairly dense shade. It prefers a deep, rich loam but plants are adapted to a variety of soils. Fairly wind tolerant, trees can be grown in coastal sites. It can tolerate inundation of the soil for up to 2 months. Seedlings and trees grow slowly, but occasionally trees may reach a height of 34 metres in 20 years, with a bole diameter of 50cm. Trees may flower and fruit throughout the year. Infrequent visits of insects and bats have been observed, but pollination is most likely by wind. The stigma is receptive before the pollen is released, stimulating cross-pollination. Trees may differ markedly in size depending on their origin, which offers potential for selection and possibly breeding activities. | slow | |||||||
| 73 | Mulberry | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Toot | Morus indica | 25 | Edible/Fruit ,Windbreak ,Firebreak | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Morus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, consists of diverse species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions.[1][2][3] Generally, the plant has three main species by color of its fruits: white, red, and black mulberry, with numerous cultivars,[4] but more than 200 species are identified in taxonomy.[5] It is native to Southern Asia, but is widely distributed across Europe, South Africa, South America, and North America.[2] It is regarded as an invasive species in Brazil.[2] | fast | copicing ability | |||||||
| 74 | Silver oak | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Silver oak | Grevillea robusta of Proteaceae | 30 | Windbreak | Less Fertile | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Grevillea robusta is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a single main trunk, growing to 5–40 m (20–100 ft) tall. The bark is dark grey and furrowed. Its leaves are fern-like, 10–34 cm (4–10 in) long, 9–15 cm (4–6 in) wide and divided with between 11 and 31 main lobes. Each lobe is sometimes further divided into as many as four, each one linear to narrow triangular in shape. It loses many of its leaves just before flowering.[2][3][4]The flowers are arranged in one-sided, "toothbrush"-like groups, sometimes branched, 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long. The carpel (the female part) of each flower has a stalk 21–28 mm (0.8–1 in) long. The flowers are glabrous and mostly yellowish orange, or sometimes reddish. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit that follows is a glabrous follicle.[2][3] | ||||||||
| 75 | Amla | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Amla, Indian gooseberry • Hindi: आँवला Aonla • Manipuri: আমলা Amla • Marathi: आँवला Amla • Tamil: Nelli • Malayalam: Nelli, Nellikka • Telugu: Usiri, Usirikaya • Kannada: Betta nelli, Amalaka • Oriya: Aonla • Gujarati: ambala • Sanskrit: Dhatri, amalaka | Phyllanthus emblica of Phyllanthaceae (Amla family) Synonyms: Emblica officinalis | 8 to 18 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit ,Firebreak ,Pollinator | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Deciduous shrub or small tree; it usually grows 7.5-18m tall but occasionally can reach up to 30m. The bole, which is often crooked and gnarled, is up to 35cm in diameter. While actually deciduous, shedding its branchlets as well as its leaves, the plant is seldom entirely bare and is therefore often cited as being evergreen. Is planted as a pioneer species in reforestation projects in Thailand. Grows in annual daytime temperatures 20-29°c, but can tolerate 14-35°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall 1,500-2,500mm, but tolerates 700-4,200mm. Reported to thrive in regions that are too dry and on soil that is too poor for most other fruit crops. Requires a position in full sun or part day shade, but is undemanding as to soil requirements so long as it is well-drained. It can even succeed on alkaline soils, though in a highly alkaline soil (pH 8.0) nutritional deficiencies are evident. For productivity, requires deep soil ranging from sandy loam to clay, light or heavy, and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. Seem to grow equally well under both arid and humid conditions. Prefers a pH in the range 6-8, tolerating 5-8. The tree is rather slow-growing and usually only bears fruit when 6-8 years old. Seedlings take about 10 years to come into bearing. The plant only produces flowers at a daylength between 12-13.5 hours. Annual fruit yields may be about 15-25 kilos per tree. Mature plants can yield 200 kilos of fruit per year. Ripe fruits may be retained for several months on the tree without significant loss of quality. Because of this, a long period is available for picking the fruits for consumption. The tree coppices well and pollards fairly well. Coppiced shoots grow particularly vigorously, and coppicing is considered the system most suitable for the production and collection of tanbark on a commercial scale. Usually plantations need much weeding because the thin crowns do not form a closed canopyI. Is fire resistant, and is one of the first trees to recover after a fire. The branches are lopped for green manure. They are said to correct excessively alkaline soils. The tree is planted as a pioneer species in northern Thailand in reforestation projects to restore native woodland - it is planted in degraded woodland and open areas in a mix with various other species that all have the ability to grow fast; produce dense, weed-suppressing crowns; and attract seed-dispersing wildlife, particularly birds and bats. | fast | copicing ability | |||||
| 76 | Cluster Fig | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Cluster fig • Hindi: गूलर Goolar • Manipuri: হৈবোঙ Heibong • Telugu: Paidi • Sanskrit: उडुम्बर Udumbara • Marathi: Umber • Malayalam: Atti • Tamil: அத்தி Atti • Kannada: Rumadi • Oriya: Dimri | Ficus racemosa L. Ficus racemosa of Moraceae (Mulberry family) Synonyms: Ficus glomerata, Ficus lucescens, Ficus racemosa var. elongata | 30 | Edible/Fruit ,Pollinator ,Firebreak | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Attractive fig tree with a crooked trunk and a spreading crown, growing upto 30m. No aerial roots. The most distinctive aspect of this tree is the red, furry figs in short clusters, which grow directly out of the trunk of the tree. The fig is actually a compartment carrying hundreds of flowers. The flowers are pollinated by very small wasps that crawl through the opening in search of a suitable place to reproduce (lay eggs) Without this pollinator service fig trees cannot reproduce by seed. In turn, the flowers provide a safe haven and nourishment for the next generation of wasps. Commonly found in cities and towns. It has evergreen leaves, if it is close to a water source. Otherwise it sheds its leaves in January. Figs used by children to play. Thin sticks can be joined by inserting them in goolar figs to make interesting shapes. Many medicinal uses. (JTFCI, pp. 100-01) Most species prefer per-humid forest, but several are found in areas with a monsoon climate and in teak forest, including locations where the soil dries out. Succeeds in full sun to partial shade. Succeeds in most soils that are reasonably moist but well-drained. Fig trees have a unique form of fertilization, each species relying on a single, highly specialized species of wasp that is itself totaly dependant upon that fig species in order to breed. In order to support a population of its pollinator, individuals of a Ficus spp. Must flower asynchronously. A population must exceed a critical minimum size to ensure that at any time of the year at least some plants have overlap of emmission and reception of fig wasps. Without this temporal overlap the short-lived pollinator wasps will go locally extinct. It is used for slope, gully and river bank stabilization because it produces a deep and wide-spreading root system. | fast | ||||||||
| 77 | Chamrod | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Desi papdi; Datranga, ovate-leaved ivory wood, Chamror • Hindi: Chamror • Gujarati: વઢવારડી vadhavaradi • Hindi: भैरी bhairi, चामरोड़ chamror • Konkani: kalo gamdo • Malayalam: ചരണ്ടി caranti • Marathi: अजानवृक्ष ajaanvruksha, धतरंग dhatrang • Nepali: datingal • Oriya: mosonea • Sanskrit: चर्मवृक्ष charmavriksha • Tamil: குருவிச்சை kuruviccai, ஒருசாதிமரம் oruvakai-maram, பட்டைவிரசு pattaivirachu • Telugu: తెల్లజువ్వి tellajuvvi | Ehretia laevis Roxb. Ehretia laevis of Boraginaceae (forget-me-not family) | 8 | Firebreak | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Large bush/middle sized tree. Fast-growing small tree is found commonly in Delhi. Attractive dark green leaves. Blooms from spring through summer with white, fragrant flowers that cover the tree in dense clusters. The flowers drop off fast, and form a charming mat of white under the tree. It is not bothered by insects or disease and grows quickly to full height, casting a deep shade under its canopy. At maturity, the trunk assumes a curious, fluted appearance. The white flowers are short-lived and not very easy to find in bloom. | fast | |||||||||
| 78 | Indian Mahagony | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian mahogany, Red cedar, Surian • Hindi: Toon तून • Manipuri: তাইৰেল Tairel • Malayalam: Vempu • Assamese: Poma Jatipoma • Tamil: துந் மரம் Tun Maram • Kannada: Tundu • Telugu: Nandichettu • Bengali: Tun • Marathi: Kunant | Toona ciliata of Meliaceae (Neem family) | 20 | Firebreak ,Timber | Fertile | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Fast-growing, deciduous tree with a rounded, spreading, occasionally dense crown; it can grow to a height of around 20-35 metres. When grown in a forest situation, the bole can be clean for 9-22m with a diameter of 180-300cm. The bole can have buttresses up to 3.5 metres tall. The tree has a wide range of traditional uses, and is particularly valued for its timber, which is gathered from the wild and also produced in plantations. It is often grown as an ornamental, especially for its flowering display. A popular avenue tree planted along roadsides in north India. The timbers of Toona species are highly prized but now generally scarce through excessive logging activities throughout their distributional ranges. Grows best in annual daytime temperatures 18-34°c, but can tolerate 8-48°c. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -3°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at 0°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,100-3,000mm, but tolerates 750-4,500mm. Young trees require some protection from direct sun, but become more light demanding as they grow older. Prefers a rich, deep, water-retentive soil. Does not do well on wet, compacted or poor sandy ones. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6.5, tolerating 4.5-7.5. Widely grown as a timber tree, it has wind-dispersed seeds and has become naturalized in some areas. It needs to be monitored for potential invasiveness. Grows rapidly. In Hawaii an average tree height of 10 metres and an average bole diameter of 9.6 cm had been reached after 8.7 years. Trees may reach a height of 35 metres with a bole diameter of 70 cm when 40 years old. It coppices well and produces plentiful root suckers. The tree has a spreading superficial root system, which may have adverse effects on the growth of agricultural crops. The tendency to become branchy should be controlled by close initial spacing. Thinning is required from the 4th year, and thereafter every 5 years. A very variable tree. Many medicinal uses. Leaves are cooked. Bark, leaves, extracts, wood, heartwood all have many uses. | fast | copicing ability | ||||||
| 79 | Jarul | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Giant crape-myrtle, pride of India, queen's crape myrtle • Assamese: আজাৰ aajaara • Bengali: জারুল jarul • Garo: ajakari, bolasari • Hindi: जारल jaral, जरुल jarul • Malayalam: മണിമരം manimaram, മണിമരുത് manimaruth, നീര് വന്തേക്ക് niir vantheekk, പൂമരുത് puumaruth • Manipuri: jarol • Marathi: जरुल jarul, मोठा बोंडारा motha bondara, ताम्हण taamhan • Mizo: thlado • Oriya: jarulo • Tamil: கதலி kadali, பூமருது pu-marutu • Telugu: చిన్నంగి chinnangi • Urdu: جارل jaral, جرول jarul | Lagerstroemia speciosa of Lythraceae (Crape Myrtle family) | 15 | Timber ,Windbreak ,Firebreak | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | One of Delhi's most beautiful flowering trees. Pride of India is a fast-growing, medium-sized, deciduous, sub-canopy tree with an upright, round crown. The tree has a dense and wide spreading root system, which has made it useful in plantings for erosion control. Fast-growing, medium-sized, deciduous, sub-canopy tree with an upright, round crown. Produces suckers, usually grows 15m or more, with some specimens up to 26m. The bole is around 60cm in diameter. Harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and source of materials. The wood is of good quality, considered to be one of the best timber trees in Myanmar and Assam, and is often traded. One of the most strikingly showy of flowering trees, and a good shade tree, it is commonly cultivated in gardens or along the sides of roads for its brightly coloured mauve or pink flowers with crinkled petals. These are borne in large, terminal, conical panicles, 30 cm long. Clothed with 12-inch-long, dark green, oblong, leathery leaves which turn attractively red before falling in winter. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 18-35°c, but can tolerate 6-43°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 2,000-3,500mm, but tolerates 1,300-5,000mm. Thrives in a position in full sun on a wide range of moist, well drained soils. Grows best on rich, deep, alluvial loams with good drainage, but can also grow in badly-draind swampy ground, though it is likely to be small and crooked. Tolerant of alkaline soils, but not of saline conditions. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6.5, tolerating 4.5-7.5. Successfully grown in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or drought are common. Not a tree to plant and forget, it appreciates regular fertilization or the leaves become chlorotic. Young seedlings are very slow growing for their first year, but then speed up. Three year old plants, grown on fertile, irrigated soil, reached a height of 3m. Coppices freely and is fairly resistant to fire. Tolerates storms well, having hard wood with flexible branches; as long as they are well spaced along the trunk and not clumped together growing from one point on the trunk. The bark is thin and easily injured. Wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk. Dense and wide spreading root system, which has made it useful in plantings for erosion control. It has been used in reforestation schemes for degraded hills in Java. The tree is also used as a support for rattan canes. | fast | copicing ability | ||||||
| 80 | Saj | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Asan, Indian Laurel, Silver grey wood, White chuglam • Hindi: आसन Asan, साज Saj • Marathi: ऐन Ain, असण Asan, साताडा Satada, शार्दूळ Shardul • Tamil: அருச்சுனம் Aruccunam, கருமருது Karumarutu, மருதமரம் Marutamaram • Malayalam: Matthi • Telugu: ఇనుమద్ది Innu maddi, Nalla maddi • Kannada: Banappu, Karimaddi, Sadada, Unapu mara • Bengali: Asan • Oriya: Sahaju • Sanskrit: रक्तअर्जुन Raktarjun | Terminalia elliptica of Combretaceae (Rangoon creeper family) Synonyms: Terminalia alata | 30 | Firebreak | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Growing to 30 m tall, with a clean, straight bole on trap and heavy soild with a trunk diameter of 1 m. The bark is fire-resistant. The wood is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The heartwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks. The sapwood is reddish white and sharply differentiated. The heartwood is moderately durable and the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack. The wood is used for furniture, cabinetwork, joinery, paneling, specialty items, boat-building, railroad cross-ties and decorative veneers. | |||||||||
| 81 | Jacaranda | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Blue Jacaranda • Hindi: Neeli gulmohur नीली गुलमोहर • Bengali: নেএলকংঠ Neelkanth | jacaranda mimosifolia of Bignoniaceae | 15 | Nitrogen Fixer | all | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced | The species are shrubs to large trees ranging in size from 20 to 30 m (66 to 98 ft) tall. The leaves are bipinnate in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The flowers are produced in conspicuous large panicles, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue corolla; a few species have white flowers. The fruit is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender seeds. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a staminode that is longer than the stamens, tricolpate pollen, and a chromosome number of 18. | can be pruned | ||||||||
| 82 | Gulmohar | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Flame Tree, Royal Poinciana • Hindi: Gulmohar गुलमोहर • Bengali: Krishnachura • Kannada: Kempu torai | delonix regia of Fabaceace | 15 | Leaf Litter ,Nitrogen Fixer | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Delonix regia is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae native to Madagascar. It is noted for its fern-like leaves and flamboyant display of orange-red flowers over summer. In many tropical parts of the world it is grown as an ornamental tree and in English it is given the name royal poinciana, flamboyant, flame of the forest, or flame tree (one of several species given this name) | |||||||||
| 83 | Kachnar | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Butterfly tree, Pink butterfly tree, Purple bauhinia, Purple butterfly tree, Purple orchid tree • Hindi: Kaniar कनियार /kachnar• Tamil: நீலத்திருவத்தி Nilattiruvatti • Bengali: Koiral • Assamese: Og-yok • Marathi: Rakta chandan • Kannada: Devakanchan, Basavana Paada | Bauhinia purpurea of Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family) | 8 | Others | Well drained | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Erect, evergreen shrub or tree with a very bushy crown; it can grow 7-10m. Wide range of local uses, providing food, medicines and a range of commodities. It should also make an excellent pioneer species and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental through much of the tropics, being valued especially for its handsome flowers. Classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List. Mean annual temperature ranges from 12 - 21°c; it experiences an absolute maximum shade temperature of 38 - 46°c. Severe frost kills the leaves of seedlings and saplings, but they can recover during the growing season. Grows in areas with a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000-5,000mm. Grows best in a sunny position. Prefers a fertile, moisture-retentive but well-drained, sandy, loamy or gravelly soil. The tree actually flowers best when growing on drier soils. The growth of young plants is very rapid under favourable conditions. They have been known to attain heights of 3 metres within 12 months and to be almost 5 metres tall and flowering by the end of their second year. The pods develop quickly, some attaining a good length whilst the tree is still in flower. This species does not fix atmospheric nitrogen. | fast | ||||||||
| 84 | Berseem | ProductiveTree | Layer 5 - Groundcover/Creeper Layer | Egyption Clover | Trifolium Alexandrinum of Fabaceace | 1 | Nitrogen Fixer | All | Annual | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Trifolium alexandrinum (Egyptian clover, berseem clover)[1] is an annual clover cultivated mostly in irrigated sub-tropical regions, and used as fodder, mainly for cattle and milk buffalo. It is an important winter crop in Egypt, where it may have been cultivated since ancient times,[2][3] and was introduced into northern India in the early nineteenth century. It is also grown in the United States and Europe.The plant reaches 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in) tall with erect or ascending stems. There are two types of berseem clover, single-cut and multi-cut. Single-cut varieties, like Balady, feature a high growing point and feature poor recovery once harvested. Multi-cut varieties, like Frosty, feature a lower growing point allowing for multiple harvests from a single sowing.Forage - Berseem clover is capable of producing up to 8 tons of forage in a single growing season.[5] Berseem clover is similar in forage quality to that of alfalfa. Studies at King Saud University have shown that by adding berseem clover to alfalfa, Medicago sativa, one could experience increased dry matter yields and improve forage quality.[6]Green Manure - Berseem clover can also be used as a cover crop suppressing weeds or as a green manure crop providing nitrogen to following crops. As a green manure crop, berseem is capable of providing as much as 280 lbs./acre of nitrogen to following crops.[7] | |||||||||
| 85 | Harad | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Chebulic Myrobalan, Myrobalan • Hindi: हर्रा Harra, हरड़ Harad • Manipuri: মনাহী Manahi • Marathi: Hirad • Tamil: kaDukkaay • Malayalam: Katukka • Telugu: Nallakaraka • Kannada: Halle, Arale • Bengali: Haritaki • Oriya: Karedha • Konkani: Ordo • Assamese: Hilika • Sanskrit: Kayastha, Jivapriya | Terminalia chebula of Combretaceae (Rangoon creeper family) | 25 | Edible/Fruit | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Evergreen tree growing to 25m with a rounded crown of spreading branches. The cylindrical bole is quite short, usually 5-10m long and 60-80cm in diameter. The tree is particularly valued as an excellent source of tannins, though it also provides a good quality wood, plus it has a wide range of medicinal and edible uses. Grows best in 22-35°c, though it can tolerate 5-47°c. Plants are fairly tolerant to frost, but are killed by temperatures below -5°c. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000-1,700mm, though can tolerate from 750-3,300mm. Prefers a sunny position, but younger plants tolerate some shade. Succeeds in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil from sandy to clayey. Established plants are fairly drought tolerant. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6.5, but tolerates 5-7.5. Growth rates of seedlings and young trees is quite slow. Regrows well after burning and also after coppicing, producing new shoots 2-3m long after 5 years. Regeneration of natural stands from seed is usually poor, maybe because people harvest the fruit, but also because of predation by animals. Yields of up to 10 kilos of fruit per tree per year can be obtained from trees growing wild. Almost all parts of the tree have several uses. Flowering evergreen tree yields smallish, ribbed and nut-like fruits which are picked up when still green and then pickled, boiled with a little added sugar in their own syrup or used in preserves or concotions. Can reach heights of 20 meters. Has medicinal uses. | fast | ||||||||
| 86 | Curry Leaf | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Curry Leaf • Hindi: Kari patta करी पत्ता • Marathi: Kudianim • Tamil: கரிவேப்பிலை Karivepillai • Malayalam: Kareapela • Telugu: karepaku, karepeku, kari-vepa-chettu • Kannada: gandhabevu, kari-bevinagida • Bengali: Barsunga • Oriya: lesunadando • Assamese: Bishahari, Narasingha • Mizo: Arpatil • Sanskrit: Alakavhaya, Chhardighna, गिरिनिम्ब Girinimba, Kadarya | Bergera koenigii of Rutaceae (Citrus family) Synonyms: Murraya koenigii, Chalcas koenigii | 6 | Edible/Fruit ,Live Fence ,Pollinator | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | It is a small tree, growing 4-6 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. Has medicinal uses. use and application in soap making ingredient, body lotions, diffusers, potpourri, scent, air fresheners, body fragrance, perfume, bath and massage oils, aromatherapy, towel scenting, spas and health clinics, incense, facial steams, hair treatments etc.. Seeds must be ripe and fresh to plant. Plants can sucker freely and also spreads by seeds, so it can become invasive. Established plants are drought tolerant. | fast | ||||||||
| 87 | Tej Patta | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian bay leaf', also known as ತಮಾಲ '(Tamaala) in Kannada(ಕನ್ನಡ), மரப்பட்டை இலை (Pattai Illai) in தமிழ்(Tamizh), tejpat,[3] tejapatta, Malabar leaf, Indian bark,[3] Indian cassia,[3] or malabathrum, | Cinnamomum tamala of Lauraceae | 20 | Edible/Fruit | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | It can grow up to 20 m (66 ft) tall.[4] Its leaves have a clove-like aroma with a hint of peppery taste; they are used for culinary and medicinal purposes. It is thought to have been one of the major sources of the medicinal plant leaves known in classic and medieval times as malabathrum (or malobathrum). | |||||||||
| 88 | Reetha | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Reetha, Chinese Soapberry, North Indian soapnut, Washing nuts • Hindi: फेनिल phenil, रिष्ट risht, रिष्टक rishtak, रीठा ritha • Manipuri: কেকৰূ hai kya Kekru • Marathi: फेनिल phenil • Urdu: پهينل phenil, ريٿها ritha • Assamese: হাইঠা aritha • Mizo: hlingsi • Sanskrit: हृष्टः hrishtah, फेनका phenaka, फेनिल phenil, रिष्टः rishtah, रिष्टक rishtak, रीठा rita, सारिष्ट sarishta, ऊर्ध्वशोधनः urdhvashodhanah • Nepali: रीट्ठा rittha | Sapindus mukorossi of Sapindaceae (Soapberry family) Synonyms: Sapindus detergens, Sapindus utilis | 25 | Timber ,Others | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Deciduous, native, common in Shivalik Hills and the outer Himalayas. Growing to 25 m tall. The dried fruit is most valuable part of the plant containing saponin. Very slow growing. Repellant against insect pests and as spray for soil improvement, seeds for medicinal oil. | fast | ||||||||
| 89 | Tulsi | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Holy Basil | Ocimum tenuiflorum of Lamiaceae. | 0.5 | Edible/Fruit | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled, with an ovate, up to 5 cm (2.0 in)-long blade which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongate racemes.[3]The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet leaves), the less common purplish green-leaved (Krishna tulsi) and the common wild "vana tulsi" | |||||||||
| 90 | Maruva | ProductiveTree | Layer 4 - Herbaceous Layer | Marjoram | Origanum majorana of Lamiaceae. | 0.5 | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Marjoram (/ˈmɑːrdʒərəm/;[2] Origanum majorana) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavors. In some Middle Eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano, and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used to distinguish it from other plants of the genus Origanum. It is also called pot marjoram,[3] although this name is also used for other cultivated species of Origanum. | ||||||||
| 91 | Anjeer | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Common Fig | Ficus carica of Moraceace | 7 to 10 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | North India ,North East India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Ficus carica is an Asian species of flowering plant in the mulberry family, known as the common fig (or just the fig). It is the source of the fruit also called the fig and as such is an important crop in those areas where it is grown commercially. Native to the Middle East and western Asia, it has been sought out and cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world, both for its fruit and as an ornamental plant | |||||||
| 92 | Imli | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Tamarind • Hindi: Imli इमली • Bengali: Amli • Manipuri: মংগে Mange • Tamil: Puli புளி • Telugu: Chinta • Marathi: Chinch | Tamarindus indica of Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family) | 25 | drought resistant | Bird Attractor | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Deciduous, naturalized, tree. The tree can get 90 ft tall but is usually less than 50 ft. Drooping branches and a domed umbrella shaped crown. Tamarind drops its leaves in pronounced dry seasons; in climates without a dry season it stays evergreen. Long lived. The tree has fragrant flowers and a feathery foliage that is usually evergreen but becomes deciduous in drier regions. The bole is usually short, 1-2m in diameter. The seedpod of the tamarind is widely used for food in the tropics. The tree also yields a number of other edible uses, as well as having a wide range of medicinal applications and other uses. The tree is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics as an ornamental plant, for its edible seedpods and also for its many medicinal uses. Regardless of total annual rainfall, a long, well-marked dry season is necessary for fruiting. Succeeds in a range of soils, though they prefer a well-drained, fertile soil in a sunny position. Often found near the coast and in sandy soils, which suggests it is tolerant of saline conditions. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-6.5, tolerating 4.5-8.5. Plants have an extensive root system, which makes them very tolerant of windy conditions (including salt-laden winds) and drought. | slow | copicing abilityand pollarding | |||||
| 93 | Mahua | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Indian Butter Tree • Hindi: Mahua महुआ • Bengali: Maul • Hindi: Mohwa • Marathi: Kat-illipi • Malayalam: Illupa • telugu: Ippa | Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia of Sapotaceae (mahua family) Synonyms: Bassia latifolia, Illipe latifolia, Madhuca indica, Madhuca latifolia | 16-20 | drought resistant | Bird Attractor | Well drained | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Precious tree - lifeline of people- never felled- makes for a lovely avenue tree. Deciduous tree with a large, spreading, rounded crown that can grow 16 metres or more tall. The short bole can be 80cm in diameter. A multipurpose tree that is very important to the local economy, supplying a range of foods, medicines and other commodities. Able to resist some frost, it grows in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 2-46°c. Grows best where the mean annual rainfall is between 550-1,500mm. Requires a sunny position. Prefers a deep loamy or sandy-loam soil with good drainage. It also occurs on shallow bouldery, clayey and calcareous soils. Established plants are drought resistant. A long-lived tree, it commences bearing when about 10 years old. A full grown tree can produce up to 90 kg of flowers in a year. Trees coppice well if they are felled when dormant in the hot season. They can be worked on 25-30 year coppice cycle to produce a mean annual increment of 3-5 cubic metres/ha. The tree has a large spreading superficial root system that holds soil together. It is planted on wasteland with hard lateritic soils. The seed cake has been used as fertilizer. | fast | copicing ability | ||||||
| 94 | Peepal | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Peepal, holy fig tree, peepul, sacred fig tree • Assamese: আঁহত ahot, পিপ্পল pippol • Bengali: অশ্বত্থ asbattha • Gujarati: અશ્વત્થ asvattha, પીપળો piplo • Hindi: अस्वत्थ aswattha, पीपल pipal • Kannada: ಅರಳಿಮರ aralimara, ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥಮರ asvatthamara • Konkani: अश्वता रूकू ashvata ruku, पिंपळ pimpal • Malayalam: അരയാൽ arayal, പിപ്പലം pippalam • Manipuri: সনা খোঙনাঙ sana khongnang • Marathi: अश्वत्थ ashwattha, पिंपळ pimpala • Mizo: hmâwng • Nepali: पिपल pipal • Oriya: ଓସ୍ତ osta • Sanskrit: अश्वत्थ ashvattha, पिप्पल pippala, बोधिवृक्ष bodhivriksha, प्लक्ष plaksha • Tamil: அரசமரம் araca-maram, பிப்பலம் pippalam • Telugu: పిప్పలము pippalamu, రాగిచెట్టు ragichettu • Urdu: پيپل pipal | Ficus religiosa L. Ficus religiosa of Moraceae (Mulberry family) Synonyms: Ficus peepul | 30 | Bird Attractor ,Pollinator | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Very long life. A grand peepal tree is a perfect shade tree, and village meetings are often conducted under a peepal tree. Large deciduous tree with a pale stem often appearing fluted on account of the numerous roots which have fused with the stem. Fruit is a fig. Tallest of the fig trees growing upto 27m. Stout trunk, fluted with sinews. Behaves like a 'stangler' even though it does not have aerial roots. Leaves clatter noisily in the slightest breeze. Host to the lac insect. Many medicinal uses. (JTFCI, pp.110-11) | |||||||||
| 95 | Jackfruit | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Jackfruit tree • Hindi: कटहल Katahal, कठल Kathal • Manipuri: থৈবোং Theibong • Marathi: फणस Phanas • Tamil: பலா Palaa • Malayalam: ചക്ക Chakka • Telugu: పనస Panas • Kannada: Halasina hannu • Bengali: কাঁঠাল Kathal • Oriya: ପନସ Panas • Sanskrit: पनसम् Panasam • Kuki: Lamphong | Artocarpus heterophyllus of Moraceae (Mulberry family) Synonyms: Artocarpus integer, Artocarpus integrifolia, Artocarpus jaca | 10 to 20 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Native, evergreen, deep rooted tree with a spreading and irregular crown. 30-70 ft tall. Heartwood is hard wood used for load bearing elements in house construction. The bole, which is usually up to 80cm in diameter but can reach 200cm, is usually unbuttressed, but can sometimes have small buttresses. Grows in a mean annual temperature range of 24-28°c, a mean max temperature of 32-35°c, a mean minimum temperature of 16-20°c, and a mean annual rainfall in the range 900-4,000mm evenly distributed through the year. Prefers a climate without a dry season, but can tolerate a short dry season. Succeeds in a variety of soils. Prefers a deep, well-drained alluvial soil. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5-7.5, tolerating 4.3-8. Young plants need some shade, but need increasing light levels as they mature. Mature plants are relatively drought resistant. There are two main groups of cultivars, one group has soft rinds whilst the other has hard. Jackfruits produce one of the largest fruits in the world. The trees have a deep taproot. Plants can produce their first crop within 3 years of the seed germinating, but 8 years is a more common time. Flower and fruit loads are initially low and improve with increasing size and age; trees 2 years old produce about 25 flowers and 3 fruits; trees 5 years old bear as many as 840 flowers, and trees 6 years old 1,500 flowers. However, only 15-18 fruits develop due to the low production of female spikes (about 0.6-5% of the total number of inflorescences. Young trees bear more male than female flowers at a ratio of 4:1; production of female flower increases with age. A male-to-female ratio of 2:1 produces 250 fruits per tree, and as the trees ages, fruit productivity declines. In suitable environments trees bear fruits and flowers throughout the year, but in areas with distinct dry and wet seasons, flowering occurs in the wet season. In young trees, fruits are usually borne on branches and in older trees, on trunks and roots. Jackfruit exhibits fairly rapid growth, attaining a height of 3 metres and a canopy diameter of 2 metres at 2 years of age. In 5 years, the tree height reaches 7 m and the canopy diameter 4 m; trees 20 years old are about 18 m, as tree growth slows down with age. Can be used as a shade tree for coffee, planted with coconut groves, has been used as an intercrop in durian orchards, and with mango and citrus. Young jackfruit orchards may be intercropped with annual cash crops such as banana, sweet corn and groundnut. | fast | ||||||
| 96 | Sitaphal | ProductiveTree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Sugar Apple, Custard apple • Hindi: Sharifa शरीफ़ा , Sitaphal सीताफल • Manipuri: Sitaphal • Assamese: Katal • Tamil: சீதாபழம் Sitapalam | Annona squamosa of Annonaceae (sugar apple family) | 3 to 6 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced | Attractive, slow-growing deciduous shrub or small tree with a rounded or spreading, open crown. It reaches a height of 3-6m. Trees succeeds in mean annual temperature up to 41°c and a mean annual rainfall above 700mm. Plants can tolerate occasional light frosts. Prefers a moist but well-drained, sandy loam with a pH around 6. Also succeeds on rocky, alkaline soils with a pH up to 8. Hardy, drought-resistant crop. This is only partly correct. Although the rest period and leaf fall enable the tree to bridge a severe dry season, it requires adequate moisture during the growing season. Trees start to bear fruit when 3-4 years old. A mature tree, 5 metres high, produces several dozen fruits in a season. | slow | ||||||
| 97 | Shahtoot | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | White Mulberry, Russian Mulberry, Silkworm Mulberry • Hindi: शहतूत Shahtoot • Tamil: கம்பிளிச Kambli chedi • Manipuri: কব্রঙচাক অঙৌবা Kabrangchak angouba | Morus alba of Moraceae (Mulberry family) | 10 | Bird Attractor ,Pollinator ,Edible/Fruit | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | A beatiful, large leaved, naturally well shaped tree that offers dense shade. Grows at about 1 ft/yr to 30 ft. This is the mulberry used to feed silkworms. Birds love the berries. The white mulberry is so-named for the color of its buds, rather than the color of its fruit. Mulberry trees are either dioecious or monoecious, and sometimes will change from one sex to another. They are wind pollinated and some cultivars will set fruit without any pollination. Cross-pollination is not necessary. Botanically the fruit is not a berry but a collective fruit. The color of the fruit does not identify the mulberry species. White mulberries, for example, can produce white, lavender or black fruit. | fast | copicing abilityand pollarding | |||||||
| 98 | Bael | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Wood Apple • Hindi: Kaith कैठ • Gujarati: Kotha • Telugu: Velaga • Bengali: Katbel • Kannada: Belavu • Marathi: Kovit • Sanskrit: Kapitha | Limonia acidissima of Rutaceae (citrus family) Synonyms: Feronia elephantum, Feronia limonia, Schinus limonia | 9 | drought resistant | Pollinator | Well drained | undefined | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Deciduous, erect tree with a few upward-reaching branches bending outward near the summit where they are subdivided into slender branchlets drooping at the tips. It can grow up to 9m. True multipurpose tree, it is both gathered from the wild and also cultivated for its edible fruit, plus its wide range of medicinal and other uses. Grows best in mean annual temperatures of 20-29°c, and mean annual rainfall of 800-1,200mm, preferring a monsoon climate with a distinct dry season. Prefers a deep, well-drained but moisture-retentive loamy soil in full sun. Tolerates a wide range of soils, but prefers lighter ones. Prefers a pH in the range 5-6. A slow-growing tree. Seedling trees can take 15 years before they commence producing fruit. There are two forms of the species, one has large, sweet-tasting fruits whilst the other has small, acid fruits. The plant is usually deciduous, but is often evergreen in tropical climates. The leaves smell of aniseed. Seeds, rootstock, bark, wood are all of use. | slow | ||||||
| 99 | Amrood | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Gauva | Psidium guajava (guava) of MYRTACEAE | 6 | drought resistant | Pollinator ,Bird Attractor ,Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | A small, branching, evergreen, Mexican native tree, attaining a height of 2 - 10 m. It branchesclose to the ground, and often produces suckers at the base of the trunk. The guava is susceptibleto frost, (tolerant to - 2°C), but if not too severe, it will recover by suckering from below thesoil. It does best in high rainfall areas, but will tolerate 4 - 5 months of drought. It is alsoreported to be tolerant of flooding and somewhat salt tolerant. It will grow on a variety of soils,although does not like heavy clay soils. It seems able to withstand some waterlogging. In coolerclimates, guavas can be grown in a hot house, and are well suited to container growing.The fruit are highly scented, yellow in colour when ripe and globose in shape. They areproduced over a long period. The pulpy flesh is sweet - acid, and contains many hard, kidney -shaped seeds. It has 2 - 5 times the Vitamin C content of fresh orange juice and is also a goodsource of Vitamin A. The fruits are best eaten fresh, but can also be made into jams, jelly, paste,juice and nectar. Seedling trees will begin bearing fruit at about 2 years of age. | fast | ||||||
| 100 | Papita | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Papaya | Carica papaya 0f CARICACEAE | 6 | drought resistant | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Other common names are tree melon and pawpaw (not to be confused with Asimina triloba).The papaya is a large herb or softwood tree, growing to a height of 10 m, although it is seldomallowed to grow as tall as this as the trunk tends to break and the fruit is more difficult toharvest. It is susceptible to the cold and cannot tolerate temperatures lower than 1°C. Maturetrees are slightly more tolerant of light frosts but a sunny, sheltered position is preferable. It willgrow in most soils as long as they are well drained and rich in humus. Papayas do not like acidsoils, and are only moderately drought tolerant. They are fairly short lived plants, and havebeen used as pioneer species.The fruits, which are produced from January to June, are large and oval in shape. They may beproduced on seedling trees from as early as one year old, but will only be produced for a periodof 3 - 4 years. When ripe, the skin is a yellow - orange colour and soft to the touch. Papaya fleshis soft, juicy and orange - yellow or salmon - pink in colour. It contains numerous brown - blackseeds which can be used as a spice. The fruit is best eaten fresh, but can also be dried or madeinto jams. It is rich in calcium and Vitamins A and C. The fruits can be boiled and eaten as avegetable when still unripe.Nutritional composition of the papaya per 100 grams of edible portion is: Water - 88.7%,Energy - 39 calories, Carbohydrate - 10 g, Fat - 0.1 g, Protein - 0.6 g, Ash - 0.6 g, Calcium - 20mg, Potassium - 234 mg, Sodium - 3 mg, Iron - 0.3 mg, Phosphorous - 16 mg, Vitamin A -1750 I.U., Thiamin - 0.04 mg, Riboflavin - 0.04 mg, Niacin - 0.3 mg and Ascorbic acid - 56mgs.The sap of the papaya is milky white, and contains an enzyme, papain. This sap is made intochewing gum, medicine (it is an aid to digestion), toothpaste arid meat tenderisers. Meat can bewrapped in a bruised papaya leaf before cooking to make it more tender. The tree is also amoderately useful bee forage plant.63 | |||||||
| 101 | Loquat | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Loquat | Eriobotrya japonica of ROSACEAE | 6 | drought resistant | Windbreak ,Live Fence ,Edible/Fruit | Well drained | North India | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Originally from centraChina, the loquat is a small, evergreen tree which can reach 6 - 9 m in height, although underless favourable conditions it will often be smaller than this (about 3 m). Although the tree itself is fairly frost hardy (to - 10oC), it does not fruit well in cold climates. Winter temperatures below- 5°C will prevent it bearing fruit, as the flowers are borne at a cold time of year, at the beginning of winter. It will grow in a variety of soils, but does best in a light, deep, loamy soil, which is kept moist. It does not like too much lime in the soil. It is moderately drought and wind tolerant, and can be used as a hedge or windbreak. It is also tolerant of salt spray. An excellent shade tree. Many fine cultivars are now available.The fruit are oval in shape ( 5 - 6 cm), and yellow or orange in colour, with a sweetly perfumed, softly acid flesh. There is usually one large seed or sometimes two in each fruit. The fruits mature in spring and early summer. They are best eaten fresh, but can also be made into jams and wine. They are a refreshing, easily digested fruit, though not highly nutritious.Nutritional composition of the loquat fruit per 100 grams of edible portion is: Water - 86.5%,Energy - 48 calories, Carbohydrate - 12.4 g, Fat - 0.2 g, Protein - 0.4 g, Ash - 0.5 g, Calcium -20 mg, Potassium - 348 mg, Iron - 0.4 mg, Phosphorous - 36 mg, Vitamin A - 670 I.U.,Ascorbic acid - 1 mg.Thinning the fruit will result in a greater fruit size. The tree also has some potential as animal orage.Loquats can be grown from seed and by grafting or cuttings. They will sometimes self sow around the tree. Usually, however, the trees are grafted or budded, the rootstock often being a quince, as this both dwarfs the plant and hastens an early fruiting. Grafted trees will fruit at about 3 years old. They should be planted at a minimum spacing of 4 m. Cross pollination is an advantage. | fast | ||||||
| 102 | Chiku | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | sapota, Santo Domingo apricot; marmalade plum; naseberry; nispero; dilly; | Achras sapota of SAPOTACEAE | 6 to 18 | drought resistant | Timber ,Windbreak ,Edible/Fruit | Well drained | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Introduced but Naturalized | Large, slow growing, attractively shaped, evergreen tree, growing to a height of 5 - 18 m. A good shade or windbreak species. The tree starts to produce fruit when about 8 years old if grown from seed, 3 - 4 years if grown from grafts or cuttings. It prefers a moist, well drained soil with plenty of organic matter, but is adaptable to many soil types. The sapodilla is drought tolerant and also reasonably tolerant of salt spray, flooding and wind. Ideally it needs a warmclimate and will tolerate very high temperatures, but mature trees will also tolerate temperaturesas low as - 4.5oC. Young trees are likely to be killed by frosts. The sapodilla fruit are usually produced in pairs, resemble a quince in shape and are a russet - brown colour when ripe. The fruit needs to be picked when it is fully ripe, as immature fruits contain tannin and a milky, inedible juice. The honey - coloured pulp is juicy, tender and very sweet. The seeds should be removed, as they are hooked and can lodge in the throat. The fruit can be used for jams and jelly making, and the young leaves are also edible. Nutritional composition of the sapodilla per 100 grams of edible portion is: Water - 76.1%, Energy - 89 calories, Carbohydrate - 21.8 g, Fat - 1.1 g, Protein - 0.5 g, Ash - 0.5 g, Calcium - 21 mg, Potassium - 193 mg, Sodium - 12 mg, Iron - 0.8 mg, Phosphorous - 12 mg, Vitamin A -60 I.U., Thiamin - trace, Riboflavin - 0.2 mg, Niacin - 0.2 mg, Ascorbic acid - 14 mgs. Grafted plants or trees are preferable, as trees grown from seed, do not always grow true to type.Gross pollination is desirable, so it is advantageous if more than one tree is grown, but this is not essential. Minimum spacing between trees is 6 m.The sapodilla produces a latex (called chicle), obtained by tapping the bark, which is used commercially as a basis for chewing gum in Central America. It also produces a good strong,durable, termite resistant timber which is used for furniture, banisters, cabinet making, bows, railway sleepers, flooring, tool handles and rulers. Some of the lintels and supporting beams in Mayan temples were made from the wood and are still intact in the ruins. It has some potential as animal forage | slow | ||||||
| 103 | Nashpati | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Pear | Pyrus communis of Rosaceae | 15 | Edible/Fruit | North India | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Medium-sized tree to 15m (50ft) high – less when grafted toa dwarfing rootstock – with a conical crown. Branches with thorns, although fruiting cultivars lack thorns.White flowers in spring are followed by fruits, to 10cm (4ins)long in named varieties, which soften when ripe and containseveral small seeds.Pears do well in regions with a warm to hot, dry summer and cool to cold winter. Low humidity aids in controlling fireblight.If possible, choose a warm sheltered position that isn’t proneto late frosts. Adequate shelter is necessary to ensure warm conditions for pollination and as protection for the fruit andfoliage. In Britain, many of the late-ripening cultivars require theprotection of a south or west-facing wall for the production ofquality fruit and for scab protection. Pears grow well in a varietyof soils (best in sandy loams or clay loams). The commonquince stocks are tolerant of wet soils, but are rather susceptibleto drought; neither do they do well on thin soils over chalk.Pears on quince rootstocks always benefit from a mulch overthe growing season which retains soil moisture.Pears need good light to fruit: shading reduces fruit yields andquality, and the formation of flower buds on spurs depends onlight received by the spur leaves. Thus in a forest garden theymust almost always be placed as canopy trees as part of thetallest layer. The only exceptions are those varieties that areknown to tolerate low light levels (for example Jargonelle) andcooking varieties, which will be most tolerant to low light levels.Like other fruit varieties, pears must be grown on rootstocks topreserve cultivars bred for good fruiting habit. Seedling pearrootstocks have been used for thousands of years, and remainthe most common type of stock used in the world today.Only comparatively recently have dwarfing and clonal stocksbeen developed, and their use has increased rapidly. In NorthAmerica the ‘Old Home x Farmingdale’ (‘OHxF’) series is widelyused; whilst in Britain and Europe quince stocks (‘Quince A’,‘Quince C’, ‘BA29’) and ‘Pyrodwarf’ are popular.Nearly all pear cultivars are self-sterile, and hence all need pollen from another cultivar to set a good crop of fruit.Flower buds are formed on terminals of shoots and short spurstwo years old or older. Flowering lasts for about 2-3 weeks,depending on cultivar. Pollination is via insects, primarily droneflies and bluebottles, and also by bumble (wild) bees. Flowering is rather early to attract much activity from hive bees.Trees on dwarfing stocks, such as ‘Quince C’, may need staking permanently. Varieties vary in their growth form, but are often described as upright or pendulous; the pyramid form of pruned tree is nearest to the natural growth habit of such varieties,more so than the bush form. Heavily pruned pears tend tobecome upright, while lightly pruned pears tend to spread.Most pendulous pear trees are tip bearers and should only bepruned lightly because they make few fruiting spurs.Natural fruitlet drop occurs in June. Most varieties do not needthinning.Time of picking is of great importance; the fruits are not left tocompletely ripen on the tree, but are picked while they are stillfirm (if picked when ripe on the outside, they will be over-ripeand mealy inside). The best test of readiness is to lift the fruitslightly and twist it gently on the stalk; if it parts easily from thespur when lifted to the horizontal then it is time to pick. Exceptfor late-ripening cultivars, pick selectively because not all fruitsripen together. Once off the tree, store in a cool place; they willripen in a short time.Fruit of late-ripening cultivars mustn’t be picked too early, orthey tend to shrivel and fail to develop their full flavour. Fruit ofvery late-ripening cultivars should be left on the tree as long aspossible, then all picked when the first fruits drop. Typical yieldsare 18-45kg (40-100lb) per tree for bush trees. | |||||||||
| 104 | Aadu | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | European Peach | Prunus persica of Rosaceae | 3 to 5 | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | North India | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | The peach is a small deciduous tree, usually 3-5m (10-16ft)high, upright, spreading, open topped, with a rather deep rootsystem.Branches are spreading, with young shoots vigorous, smoothand pinkish.Flowers appear in early spring – around the beginning of March– and persist for 2-3 weeks. Flowers are numerous, white orpink, appearing before the leaves.Fruits are variable in size, shape, colour of skin and flesh.Peaches usually have fuzzy skin. The flesh is juicy, sweet or mildsubacid; they have one large stone, free or clinging, which ishard and deeply pitted and usually bitter. Nectarines do nothave fuzzy skin; they are usually smaller in size and have agreater aroma.Trees are not long lived, sometimes only surviving 20-25 years.CultivationPeaches prefer cool winters and warm to hot summers. The mostimportant limiting factor in temperate regions is the lack offlower bud hardiness either to low dormant temperatures or tofrost and freezing conditions in spring. The flowers and youngfruitlets are susceptible to severe damage from frosts and mustbe protected if necessary for a crop to succeed. At full flowering,flowers are injured by temperatures of -2.8°C (27°F) and arekilled by -4.9°C (23°F).Other limiting factors are chilling hours, hailstorms, high humidityand desiccating summer winds.High humidity favours attacks from pests and diseases:nectarines are especially susceptible to brown rot in humidclimates. Shelter from storm winds and gales is desirable, butotherwise peaches tolerate wind and an airy position helpsreduce diseases.Peaches can be grown in various soils, but the ideal is a deep,well-drained sandy loam rich in organic matter (with plumrootstocks a medium to heavy loam is suitable). The physicalproperties of the soil are more important than its fertility: manysmall rootlets grow in early spring to supply nutrients and water,and these need water and oxygen from the soil. Peaches greatlydislike any waterlogging, particularly in the growing season when such conditions can kill trees. Old pastureland is usually ideal. The ideal soil pH is between 5.8 and 6.8.Peaches are commercially propagated by budding and graftingonto rootstocks.Peaches grow easily from seed – stratify seeds for three monthsbefore sowing. Genetically, peaches are much less variable thanfruits like apples or pears – every seedling will at least producesomething edible. | fast | |||||||
| 105 | Aalo Bukhara | ProductiveTree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Plum | Prunus domestica of Rosaceae | 9 | Edible/Fruit | Well drained | North India | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Trees grow to 9m (30ft) high, and may be erect, spreading orpendulous. Usually thornless. The leaves appear at the sametime or after the flowers in April. Fruits vary from very small tovery large, oval to round, blue, purple, yellow, red or greenwith a heavy bloom; the flesh is firm and of good quality.Stones vary from free to clinging. Many hundreds of cultivarshave been developed.Gages or gage plums are a sub-group of plum – tree growth ofthese is usually intermediate between the damson and gardenplum. Fruits are small-medium in size, round, mostly green orgolden, juicy, sweet and with a rich distinctive flavour.For consistent fruiting, plums need a sunny, sheltered siteand reasonable freedom from spring frosts to ensure goodpollination and fruit set. Most soils on the acid side are suitable(ideally pH 6.0 to 6.5); anything more alkaline than pH 6.5 maygive rise to lime-induced chlorosis. Badly drained and sandysoils are also best avoided.Where the risk of late frosts cannot be completely avoided,choose late-flowering cultivars or those with some frosttolerance.Plum varieties are either self-sterile, partly self-fertile or fullyself-fertile. Unless self-fertile, cross-pollination is required byanother plum flowering at the same time for a good crop toset. Pollination is via bees and other insects and shelteredconditions greatly favour their activity, especially as plumsflower quite early when cold winds can be common.Formation pruning is recommended to create strong, wellangledbranches, especially as plums can crop so heavily thatif unthinned, the crop can cause branch breakages that arealways a route for bacterial canker to become a problem.Plums require good levels of nitrogen, moderate of potash,and lower levels of phosphate. Mulching with compost orfarmyard manure is beneficial but extra nitrogen is usuallyneeded. If possible, mulch from 15cm (6ins) from the trunkout to the drip line.When a good set has occurred, fruit thinning is worthundertaking: a very heavy crop may break branches andsignificantly damage the tree; in addition, fruits will be smalland lacking in flavour. Fruitlets can be thinned to 5-10cm(2-4ins) apart in June. If you haven’t thinned and a huge cropis developing, erect branch props (forked sticks are best) toprevent breakages. | ||||||||
| 106 | Babugosha | ProductiveTree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Asian Pear | Pyrus Pyrifolia of Rosaceae | 5 | Edible/Fruit | North India | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Fruits of Asian pears are rather different to European pears.They are smooth and the shape is normally round (typical appleshape). The flavour is more delicate, and the texture crisperand juicier, but less melting than European pears. Anotherdistinctive feature of Asian pears is that the fruits mature onthe tree and do not require ripening after harvest like manyEuropean pears.DescriptionAsian pears make quite decorative trees, with attractivewhite blossom, glossy green foliage and striking red autumncolouring; trees on seedling rootstocks can be very long lived(200-300 years).Most cultivars grow naturally as upright trees with a centralleader.CultivationAsian pears require less winter chilling than European pears,and they require a warm, but not a long, summer to properlyripen their fruit.Cultivation is generally similar to that of European pears.Trees grown as central leaders (i.e. vertical axis trees) commonlyreach a height and spread of 4m (13ft) in five years and canthen be maintained at this size with regular pruning. This is therecommended method of cultivation, as it utilises the naturalform of the tree to a large extent. | |||||||||
| 107 | Teak | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Teak, Sagun सगुन (Hindi), Chingsoo (Manipuri), Sagwan सागवान (Marathi), Saguna (Bengali), தேக்கு Tekku (Tamil) | Tectona grandis of Verbenaceae | 40 | Timber | ,All | Perennial | Deciduous | Native | Deciduous, attaining a very large size. Good quality wood for furniture. | |||||||||
| 108 | Semul | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Silkcotton Tree, Malabar Semul , Indian bombax , Kapok tree , Silk Cotton. , Red Cotton Tree , Red silk cotton tree | Bombax ceiba of Malvaceae | 30 | Timber | All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Bombax ceiba, a large deciduous tree, buttressed at the base, grows up to 30mt. in height, with a clear bole of 24-30 m.and a girth upto 2-3mt. The plant is widely distributed throughout India, up to the elevation of 1,500 m or even higher. The palmate leaves measure up to 24 inches in length, with 3 to 7 lanceolate or elliptic, smooth and leathery leaflets. Bombax ceiba flowers consists five scarlet, red or white petals. The flowers measure about 6 to 7 inches in length, and up to 7 inches in width, and are placed solitarily or in clusters. The large fruits measure up to 6 inches in length, and are pointed and ovoid, filled with smooth hairs. Its wood when sawn fresh is white in colour. However with exposure and passage of time it grows darkish grey. Small Bombax ceiba seeds are dark brown in color, in woody capsules. Bombax ceiba wood is used for construction work and is popular for making plywood, matchsticks, matchboxes etc. | |||||||||
| 109 | Sita Ashoka | System Tree | Layer 2 - Sub-Canopy/Large Shrub Layer | Sita Ashok, Sorrowless tree • Hindi: सीता अशोक Sita Ashok, Ashok अशोक • Gujarati: Ashopalava • Kannada: Achenge • Malayalam: Hemapushpam • Marathi: Jasundi • Tamil: அசோகம் Asogam • Telugu: Asokamu | Saraca Asoca of Fabacece | 8 | Leaf Litter | ,All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Saraca asoca is a small evergreen tree, 15-20ft. high, found wild along streams or in the shade of evergreen forests. It occurs almost throughout Indian up to an altitude of 750m in the central and the eastern Himalaysa and the Khasi, Garo and Lushai hills; it is also found in the Andaman Islands. Leaves paripinnate, 15-20cm long, leaflets 6-12oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 7.5-22.5cm x 1.25cm, rigidly sub-coriaceous; flowers orange or orange-yellow, eventually turning vermillion, very fragrant, in dense axillary corymbs; pods flat, leathery, 10-25cm x 3.5-5cm, seeds 4-8, ellipsoid-oblong, 38cm, compressed. | |||||||||
| 110 | Mahagany | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | Spanish/ West Indian Mahogany, Small-leaved/ Jamaican/ Cuban Mahogany, Madeira Redwood; | Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. of Meliaceae (Neem family) Synonyms: Cedrela mahagoni L., Cedrus mahogani Mill., Swietenia acutifolia Stokes, Swietenia fabrilis Salisb. | 30 | ,All | Perennial | Deciduous | Introduced but Naturalized | Evergreen or briefly deciduous tree that can grow up to 30m. Large, spherical crown and many heavy branches that cast a dense shade. The bole is often short and much-branched, up to 100cm in diameter, usually with a short, buttressing base up to 1m in diameter. The tree is deciduous in areas where it is subject to drought. Obtained from several species in the genus Swietenia, is regarded as the world’s finest timber for high-class furniture and cabinet work. This species was the first to be discovered by the Europeans and has been exported from Hispaniola since the 16th century. It has been widely over-exploited in the wild and is now cultivated in plantations in other areas of the tropics. It is grown as an ornamental tree in various parts of India. 'Endangered' in the IUCN Red List. Grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 24-32°c, but can tolerate 16-36°c. Prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000-2,000mm, but tolerates 800-2,500mm. The best development of the trees has been observed in areas receiving the lower rainfall range of 1,000-1,500 mm, in localities not far from the sea, and at elevations near sea level. Young plants grow best in dappled shade, requiring more light as they grow larger. The plant thrives best on deep, rich soil and avoids stiff, heavy soils in the wild; well-drained sandy soils are best. It is a complete failure in dry localities and poor soils. Prefers a pH in the range 6-7, tolerating 5.5-8. Young trees have straight and slender stems, and branches are formed 2-3m above the ground with a position oblique to the main stem. Initial growth is fast, depending on site conditions. Flowering and fruiting are regular and annual, varying according to climate but taking place shortly before the rainy season. The tree fruits well and produces fertile seeds, sometimes as early as at 20 years of age, although usually it does not seed until it is 30-40 years old. Farmers generally plant the species along garden boundaries or around the courtyard, where it provides deep shade. The tree is used in reforestation projects, as a shade tree in young plantations of other timber species and as a shade tree in coffee and cacao plantations. Medicinal uses. Seed, bark, heartwood - all have many uses. | ||||||||||
| 111 | Pilkhan | System Tree | Layer 1 - Capony / Tall Tree Layer | White Fig • Hindi: पिलखन Pilkhan, पाखड़ Pakhad • Manipuri: চিঙ হৈবোঙ Ching Heibong • Marathi: Bassari, Gandhaumbara • Tamil: Kurugatti • Malayalam: ചെരാലാ Cherala • Telugu: Badijuvvi, Jatti • Kannada: Kari-basari, juvvi • Gujarati: પેપરી Pepri • Sanskrit: Plaksa | Ficus virens of Moraceae (Mulberry family) Synonyms: Ficus infectoria | 25 | Bird Attractor ,Leaf Litter | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Large strangling fig with a spreading canopy. The aerial roots commonly wrap around the main stem instead of forming props. It is a beautiful shade tree. Leaves begin to drop mid February. There are few sights in the jungle more striking than a pakhad turning colours as it comes into new leaf. Like many of its fig cousins it likes rocky places & bouldary ravines. (JTFCI, pp.102-3) | |||||||||
| 112 | Nirgundi | System Tree | Layer 3 - Shrub Layer | Chaste Tree • Hindi: निर्गुंडी Nirgundi, सिंदवार sindvar • Manipuri: Urik shibi • Tamil: Nocchi • Malayalam: Vennocchi • Telugu: Vavili • Kannada: Nochi • Bengali: Nishinda • Sanskrit: Sinduvara, Indrani, Nilanirgundi • Urdu: Sambhalu, Tukhm sambhalu | Vitex negundo of Verbenaceae (Verbena family) | 5 | Others | All | Perennial | Evergreen | Native | Cross between a shrub and a tree with a single woody stem (trunk). It can grow up to 5m. Distinctive feature are the pointed leaves with 3-5 leaflets. Small, lilac or violet flowers on new growth from June to September. The leaves are used as a mosquito repellent, leaves are burnt in a heap which proves very useful to get rid of mosquitoes. Has medicinal use. |
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